Sosialist iqtisadiyyata iqtisadi nəzəriyyələr təcrübələr fərziyyə və mövcud sosialist iqtisadi sistemlər normaları daxil

Sosialist iqtisadiyyata iqtisadi nəzəriyyələr, təcrübələr, fərziyyə və mövcud sosialist iqtisadi sistemlər normaları daxildir. Sosialist iqtisadi sistem, istehsalın birbaşa istifadə üçün həyata keçirildiyi muxtar kooperativlər və ya birbaşa ictimai mülkiyyət şəklində ola bilən istehsal vasitələrinə ictimai mülkiyyət və istifadə ilə xarakterizə olunur, mənfəət üçün deyil. Kapital mallarını və istehsal amillərini iqtisadi vahidlər arasında bölüşdürmək üçün bazarlardan istifadə edən sosialist sistemlərə bazar sosializmi deyilir. Planlaşdırma istifadə edildikdə, iqtisadi sistemə sosialist planlı iqtisadiyyat deyilir. Sosializmin bazar olmayan formaları ümumiyyətlə resurslara və mallara dəyər vermək üçün fiziki uçot sistemini əhatə edir.

Sosialist iqtisadiyyatı müxtəlif iqtisadi düşüncə məktəbləri ilə əlaqələndirilirdi. Marksist iqtisadiyyat kapitalizmin analizinə əsaslanaraq sosializmin əsasını qoymuşdur, neoklasik iqtisadiyyat və təkamül iqtisadiyyatı isə sosializmin geniş modellərini təmin etmişdir. XX əsrdə həm sosialist planlı həm də bazar iqtisadiyyatları üçün təkliflər və modellər böyük ölçüdə neoklasik iqtisadiyyata və ya neoklassik iqtisadiyyatın marksist və ya institusional iqtisadiyyata sintezinə əsaslanırdı.

Sosialist iqtisadiyyatı termin olaraq sosialist dövlətlərdə tətbiq olunan keçmiş və mövcud iqtisadi sistemlərin analizinə də tətbiq edilə bilər, məsələn, Macarıstan iqtisadçısı əsərlərindəAdam Smit və rikardiyalı sosialistlərin klassik iqtisadiyyatını, həm də Pyer-Jozef Prudon, Karl Marks və iqtisadiyyatlarını sosializmlə əlaqələndirən XIX əsrdə amerikalı anarxist Benjamin Tucker, iki sosialist düşüncə məktəbinin, yəni anarxist sosializm və dövlətin olduğuna , sosial əmək dəyər dəyərinin nəzəriyyəsi ilə birləşdiklərini iddia edərək nəzəriyyəyə inanırdı. Sosialistlər, iqtisadiyyatın sosial nəzarəti və ya tənzimlənməsinin nə dərəcədə lazım olduğu barədə fikir ayrılığı; cəmiyyətin nə qədər müdaxilə etməsi və hökumətin, xüsusilə mövcud hökumətin, dəyişiklik üçün doğru vasitə olub-olmaması mübahisələrə səbəb olur.

Sosialist iqtisadiyyat fikrinin tarixi

Karl Marx və Fridrix Engels, cəmiyyətlərin və bəzi ibtidai kənd təsərrüfatı cəmiyyətlərinin icma olduğuna inanaraq bu ibtidai kommunizm adlandırdılar. Engels, bu barədə Marksın Lewis Henry Morgan'ın əsərləri haqqında nəşr olunmamış qeydlərinə əsaslanaraq Ailənin, Xüsusi Mülkiyyətin və Dövlətin Mənşəyi adlı kitabında ətraflı yazmışdır.

Sosializmin dəyərləri orta əsrlərdəki Avropadakı dini kommunalar, qarşılıqlı öhdəliklər və ictimai xeyriyyəçilik kimi kapitalizm öncəsi qurumlarda kök salmışdır, iqtisadi nəzəriyyəsinin inkişafı ilk növbədə feodalizmin süqut etməsi və xüsusilə kapitalist ictimai münasibətlərin meydana çıxması ilə meydana gələn monumental dəyişiklikləri əks etdirir və buna cavab verir. Beləliklə, ümumiyyətlə müasir dövrə aid bir hərəkət hesab olunur. Bir çox sosialist, müdafiə etmələrini Maarifçilik doktrinasında ifadə olunan radikal humanist fikirləri, məsələn Jan Jak Russonun bərabərsizlik haqqında söylədikləri, Vilhelm fon Humboldtun dövlət fəaliyyətinin məhdudiyyətləri və ya İmmanuel Kantın Fransız İnqilabını qorumaqda davamlılığı kimi qorumaq və genişləndirmək kimi qəbul etdilər.

Kapitalizm uzunmüddətli investisiyalar tələb edən və müvafiq riskləri tələb edən sənaye müəssisələri sisteminin beynəlmiləlləşdirilmiş ticari (merkantilist) quruluşa daxil olması ilə ortaya çıxan problemlər nəticəsində yetkin bir şəkildə ortaya çıxdı. Tarixən bu yeni sistemin ən aktual ehtiyacları sənaye elementlərinin (torpaq, inkişaf etmiş texnika və işçi qüvvəsi) zəmanətli təchizatı idi və ən vacibi bu elementlərin əmtəəyə çevrilməsinə səbəb oldu.

Sosialist iqtisadiyyatının nüfuzlu tarixçisi Karl Polaninin klassik görüşünə görə, torpağın, pulun və xüsusən əməyin muxtar bazar mexanizmi vasitəsilə paylanacaq əmtəələrə şiddətlə çevrilməsi əvvəldən mövcud olan sosial quruluşun yad və qeyri-insani bir parçalanması idi. Marks bu prosesə bənzər bir baxışda baxaraq onu "ilkin yığılma" prosesinin bir hissəsi adlandırdı və kapitalist istehsalın başlanğıcı üçün kifayət qədər ilkin kapitalın toplandığını bildirdi. Polani və başqalarının təsvir etdiyi dislokasiya, iqtisadiyyatı yenidən cəmiyyətə gətirmək cəhdlərində təbii əks hərəkətlərə səbəb oldu. Məsələn, da əhatə edən bu əks hərəkatlar, yeni yaranan sosialist hərəkatlardır. Vaxt keçdikcə bu cür hərəkatlar fikirlərini nəzəri cəhətdən inkişaf etdirməyə çalışan bir çox intellektual vəkil əldə etdi.

İstinadlar

Lerner, A. P. "Theory and Practice in Socialist Economics". The Review of Economic Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6 (1). October 1938: 71–75. doi:10.2307/2967541. JSTOR 2967541.
. Upton Sinclair's: A Monthly Magazine: for Social Justice, by Peaceful Means If Possible. 1918. 2019-05-02 tarixində . İstifadə tarixi: 2020-11-26. Socialism, you see, is a bird with two wings. The definition is 'social ownership and democratic control of the instruments and means of production.'
Busky, Donald F. Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey. Praeger. 2000. səh. 2. ISBN . Socialism may be defined as movements for social ownership and control of the economy. It is this idea that is the common element found in the many forms of socialism.
Rosser Jr., J. Barkley; Rosser, Mariana V. Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. 2003. səh. 53. ISBN . Socialism is an economic system characterized by state or collective ownership of the means of production, land, and capital.
Nove, Alec. Socialism // The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. 2008. 1–18. doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1718-2. ISBN . A society may be defined as socialist if the major part of the means of production of goods and services is in some sense socially owned and operated, by state, socialized or cooperative enterprises. The practical issues of socialism comprise the relationships between management and workforce within the enterprise, the interrelationships between production units (plan versus markets), and, if the state owns and operates any part of the economy, who controls it and how.
Arnold, N. Scott (1998). The Philosophy and Economics of Market Socialism: A Critical Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 8. "What else does a socialist economic system involve? Those who favor socialism generally speak of social ownership, social control, or socialization of the means of production as the distinctive positive feature of a socialist economic system."
Bertrand Badie; Dirk Berg-Schlosser; Leonardo Morlino. International Encyclopedia of Political Science. Sage Publications. 2011. səh. 2456. ISBN . Socialist systems are those regimes based on the economic and political theory of socialism, which advocates public ownership and cooperative management of the means of production and allocation of resources.
Arneson, Richard J. (April 1992). "Is Socialism Dead? A Comment on Market Socialism and Basic Income Capitalism". Ethics. 102 (3) pp. 485–511.
Lawler, James; Ollman, Bertell; Schweickart, David; Ticktin, Hillel (1998). "The Difference Between Marxism and Market Socialism". Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists. New York; London: Routledge. pp. 61–63. ISBN . "More fundamentally, a socialist society must be one in which the economy is run on the principle of the direct satisfaction of human needs. […] Exchange-value, prices and so money are goals in themselves in a capitalist society or in any market. There is no necessary connection between the accumulation of capital or sums of money and human welfare. Under conditions of backwardness, the spur of money and the accumulation of wealth has led to a massive growth in industry and technology. […] It seems an odd argument to say that a capitalist will only be efficient in producing use-value of a good quality when trying to make more money than the next capitalist. It would seem easier to rely on the planning of use-values in a rational way, which because there is no duplication, would be produced more cheaply and be of a higher quality. […] Although money, and so monetary calculation, will disappear in socialism this does not mean that there will no longer be any need to make choices, evaluations and calculations. […] Wealth will be produced and distributed in its natural form of useful things, of objects that can serve to satisfy some human need or other. Not being produced for sale on a market, items of wealth will not acquire an exchange-value in addition to their use-value. In socialism their value, in the normal non-economic sense of the word, will not be their selling price nor the time needed to produce them but their usefulness. It is for this that they will be appreciated, evaluated, wanted and produced.""
Steele, David Ramsay. From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. Open Court. 1999. 175–77. ISBN . Especially before the 1930s, many socialists and anti-socialists implicitly accepted some form of the following for the incompatibility of state-owned industry and factor markets. A market transaction is an exchange of property titles between two independent transactors. Thus internal market exchanges cease when all of industry is brought into the ownership of a single entity, whether the state or some other organization [...], the discussion applies equally to any form of social or community ownership, where the owning entity is conceived as a single organization or administration.
Bockman, Johanna. Markets in the Name of Socialism: The Left-Wing Origins of Neoliberalism. Stanford University Press. 2011. səh. 20. ISBN . [S]ocialism would function without capitalist economic categories—such as money, prices, interest, profits and rent—and thus would function according to laws other than those described by current economic science. While some socialists recognised the need for money and prices at least during the transition from capitalism to socialism, socialists more commonly believed that the socialist economy would soon administratively mobilise the economy in physical units without the use of prices or money.
Lawler, James; Ollman, Bertell; Schweickart, David; Ticktin, Hillel (1998). "The Difference Between Marxism and Market Socialism". Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists. New York; London: Routledge. pp. 60–64. ISBN .
Socialist Party of Great Britain. (PDF). World Socialist Movement. 7 June 2011 tarixində orijinalından (PDF) arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 15 February 2010.
Veblein, Throstein. "The Socialist Economics of Karl Marx and His Followers". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 21 (2). February 1907: 299–322. doi:10.2307/1883435. JSTOR 1883435.
Roemer, John. A Brief History of the Idea of Market Socialism // A Future for Socialism. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1994. ISBN .
Taylor, Fred M. "The Guidance of Production in a Socialist State". The American Economic Review. 19 (1). 1929: 1–8. JSTOR 1809581.
Enrico Barone, "Il Ministro della Produzione nello Stato Collettivista", Giornale degli Economisti, 2, pp. 267–93, trans. as "The Ministry of Production in the Collectivist State", in , ed. (1935), Collectivist Economic Planning, ISBN pp. 245–90.
F. Caffé (1987), "Barone, Enrico", The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, ISBN , v. 1, p. 195.
János Kornai (1992), The Socialist System: the political economy of communism, Oxford University Press, ISBN , p. 476.
Mark Skousen (2001), Making Modern Economics, M. E. Sharpe, ISBN ,pp. 414–15.
Robin Hahnel (2005), Economic Justice and Democracy, Routledge, ISBN , p. 170 2022-07-11 at the Wayback Machine
Kornai, János: The Socialist System. The Political Economy of Communism. Princeton: Princeton University Press and Oxford: Oxford University Press 1992; Kornai, János: Economics of Shortage. Munich: Elsevier 1980. A concise summary of Kornai's analysis can be found in Verdery, Katherine: Anthropology of Socialist Societies. In: International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, ed. Neil Smelser and Paul B. Baltes. Amsterdam: Pergamon Press 2002, available for .
Brown, Susan Love (1997). "The Free Market as Salvation from Government". In Carrier, James G., ed. Meanings of the Market: The Free Market in Western Culture. Berg Publishers. p. 107. ISBN .
Docherty, James C.; Lamb, Peter, eds. (2006). Historical Dictionary of Socialism (2nd ed.). Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements. 73. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. pp. 1–3. ISBN .
Rob Sewell. "Origin of the Family: In Defence of Engels and Morgan". Marxist.com. 21 December 2012. 13 May 2019 tarixində . İstifadə tarixi: 26 November 2020.
Chomsky, Noam Perspectives on Power
Wallerstein, Immanuel Historical Capitalism
Karl Polani Primitive, Archaic and Modern Economies.

[1] Lerner, A. P. "Theory and Practice in Socialist Economics". The Review of Economic Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6 (1). October 1938: 71–75. doi:10.2307/2967541. JSTOR 2967541.

[2] . Upton Sinclair's: A Monthly Magazine: for Social Justice, by Peaceful Means If Possible. 1918. 2019-05-02 tarixində . İstifadə tarixi: 2020-11-26. Socialism, you see, is a bird with two wings. The definition is 'social ownership and democratic control of the instruments and means of production.'

[3] Busky, Donald F. Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey. Praeger. 2000. səh. 2. ISBN . Socialism may be defined as movements for social ownership and control of the economy. It is this idea that is the common element found in the many forms of socialism.

[4] Rosser Jr., J. Barkley; Rosser, Mariana V. Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. 2003. səh. 53. ISBN . Socialism is an economic system characterized by state or collective ownership of the means of production, land, and capital.

[Nove-5] Nove, Alec. Socialism // The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. 2008. 1–18. doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1718-2. ISBN . A society may be defined as socialist if the major part of the means of production of goods and services is in some sense socially owned and operated, by state, socialized or cooperative enterprises. The practical issues of socialism comprise the relationships between management and workforce within the enterprise, the interrelationships between production units (plan versus markets), and, if the state owns and operates any part of the economy, who controls it and how.

[6] Arnold, N. Scott (1998). The Philosophy and Economics of Market Socialism: A Critical Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 8. "What else does a socialist economic system involve? Those who favor socialism generally speak of social ownership, social control, or socialization of the means of production as the distinctive positive feature of a socialist economic system."

[7] Bertrand Badie; Dirk Berg-Schlosser; Leonardo Morlino. International Encyclopedia of Political Science. Sage Publications. 2011. səh. 2456. ISBN . Socialist systems are those regimes based on the economic and political theory of socialism, which advocates public ownership and cooperative management of the means of production and allocation of resources.

[8] Arneson, Richard J. (April 1992). "Is Socialism Dead? A Comment on Market Socialism and Basic Income Capitalism". Ethics. 102 (3) pp. 485–511.

[9] Lawler, James; Ollman, Bertell; Schweickart, David; Ticktin, Hillel (1998). "The Difference Between Marxism and Market Socialism". Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists. New York; London: Routledge. pp. 61–63. ISBN . "More fundamentally, a socialist society must be one in which the economy is run on the principle of the direct satisfaction of human needs. […] Exchange-value, prices and so money are goals in themselves in a capitalist society or in any market. There is no necessary connection between the accumulation of capital or sums of money and human welfare. Under conditions of backwardness, the spur of money and the accumulation of wealth has led to a massive growth in industry and technology. […] It seems an odd argument to say that a capitalist will only be efficient in producing use-value of a good quality when trying to make more money than the next capitalist. It would seem easier to rely on the planning of use-values in a rational way, which because there is no duplication, would be produced more cheaply and be of a higher quality. […] Although money, and so monetary calculation, will disappear in socialism this does not mean that there will no longer be any need to make choices, evaluations and calculations. […] Wealth will be produced and distributed in its natural form of useful things, of objects that can serve to satisfy some human need or other. Not being produced for sale on a market, items of wealth will not acquire an exchange-value in addition to their use-value. In socialism their value, in the normal non-economic sense of the word, will not be their selling price nor the time needed to produce them but their usefulness. It is for this that they will be appreciated, evaluated, wanted and produced.""

[10] Steele, David Ramsay. From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. Open Court. 1999. 175–77. ISBN . Especially before the 1930s, many socialists and anti-socialists implicitly accepted some form of the following for the incompatibility of state-owned industry and factor markets. A market transaction is an exchange of property titles between two independent transactors. Thus internal market exchanges cease when all of industry is brought into the ownership of a single entity, whether the state or some other organization [...], the discussion applies equally to any form of social or community ownership, where the owning entity is conceived as a single organization or administration.

[11] Bockman, Johanna. Markets in the Name of Socialism: The Left-Wing Origins of Neoliberalism. Stanford University Press. 2011. səh. 20. ISBN . [S]ocialism would function without capitalist economic categories—such as money, prices, interest, profits and rent—and thus would function according to laws other than those described by current economic science. While some socialists recognised the need for money and prices at least during the transition from capitalism to socialism, socialists more commonly believed that the socialist economy would soon administratively mobilise the economy in physical units without the use of prices or money.

[12] Lawler, James; Ollman, Bertell; Schweickart, David; Ticktin, Hillel (1998). "The Difference Between Marxism and Market Socialism". Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists. New York; London: Routledge. pp. 60–64. ISBN .

[13] Socialist Party of Great Britain. (PDF). World Socialist Movement. 7 June 2011 tarixində orijinalından (PDF) arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 15 February 2010.

[14] Veblein, Throstein. "The Socialist Economics of Karl Marx and His Followers". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 21 (2). February 1907: 299–322. doi:10.2307/1883435. JSTOR 1883435.

[15] Roemer, John. A Brief History of the Idea of Market Socialism // A Future for Socialism. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1994. ISBN .

[16] Taylor, Fred M. "The Guidance of Production in a Socialist State". The American Economic Review. 19 (1). 1929: 1–8. JSTOR 1809581.

[17] Enrico Barone, "Il Ministro della Produzione nello Stato Collettivista", Giornale degli Economisti, 2, pp. 267–93, trans. as "The Ministry of Production in the Collectivist State", in , ed. (1935), Collectivist Economic Planning, ISBN pp. 245–90.

[18] F. Caffé (1987), "Barone, Enrico", The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, ISBN , v. 1, p. 195.

[19] János Kornai (1992), The Socialist System: the political economy of communism, Oxford University Press, ISBN , p. 476.

[20] Mark Skousen (2001), Making Modern Economics, M. E. Sharpe, ISBN ,pp. 414–15.

[21] Robin Hahnel (2005), Economic Justice and Democracy, Routledge, ISBN , p. 170 2022-07-11 at the Wayback Machine

[22] Kornai, János: The Socialist System. The Political Economy of Communism. Princeton: Princeton University Press and Oxford: Oxford University Press 1992; Kornai, János: Economics of Shortage. Munich: Elsevier 1980. A concise summary of Kornai's analysis can be found in Verdery, Katherine: Anthropology of Socialist Societies. In: International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, ed. Neil Smelser and Paul B. Baltes. Amsterdam: Pergamon Press 2002, available for .

[23] Brown, Susan Love (1997). "The Free Market as Salvation from Government". In Carrier, James G., ed. Meanings of the Market: The Free Market in Western Culture. Berg Publishers. p. 107. ISBN .

[24] Docherty, James C.; Lamb, Peter, eds. (2006). Historical Dictionary of Socialism (2nd ed.). Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements. 73. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. pp. 1–3. ISBN .

[25] Rob Sewell. "Origin of the Family: In Defence of Engels and Morgan". Marxist.com. 21 December 2012. 13 May 2019 tarixində . İstifadə tarixi: 26 November 2020.

[26] Chomsky, Noam Perspectives on Power

[27] Wallerstein, Immanuel Historical Capitalism

[28] Karl Polani Primitive, Archaic and Modern Economies.