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Elmdə qadınların mövcudluğu elm tarixinin ən erkən dövrlərini əhatə edir, burada onlar mühüm töhfələr vermişlər. Gender və elmə maraq göstərən tarixçilər qadınların elmi səylərini və nailiyyətlərini, üzləşdikləri maneələri və işlərinin əsas elmi jurnallarda və digər nəşrlərdə nəzərdən keçirilməsi və qəbul edilməsi üçün həyata keçirilən strategiyaları araşdırmışlar. Bu məsələlərin tarixi, tənqidi və sosioloji tədqiqi özlüyündə akademik bir fənnə çevrilmişdir.
Qadınların tibbə cəlb edilməsi bir neçə erkən qərb sivilizasiyasında baş verdi və qədim Yunanıstanda təbiət fəlsəfəsinin öyrənilməsi qadınlar üçün açıq idi. Eramızın birinci və ya ikinci əsrlərində qadınlar kimyagərlik elminə töhfə vermişdilər. Orta əsrlərdə dini monastırlar qadınlar üçün mühüm təhsil yeri idi və bu icmaların bəziləri qadınların elmi tədqiqatlara töhfə verməsi üçün imkanlar yaradırdı. XI əsrdə ilk universitetlərin meydana çıxmağa başladı və qadınlar əksər hallarda universitet təhsilindən kənarda qaldılar. Akademiyadan kənarda botanika erkən müasir dövrlərdə qadınların töhfələrindən ən çox faydalanan elm idi. İtaliyada qadınların tibb sahəsində təhsil almasına münasibət digər yerlərə nisbətən daha liberal görünürdü. Elmi tədqiqatlar sahəsində universitetdə vəzifə tutmuş ilk qadın XVIII əsr italyan alimi Laura Bassi idi.
XVIII əsrdə gender rolları əsasən determinist idi və qadınlar elmdə əhəmiyyətli irəliləyişlər əldə edirdilər. XIX əsrdə qadınlar əksər formal elmi təhsildən kənarda qaldılar, lakin bu dövrdə onlar elmi cəmiyyətlərə qəbul olunmağa başladılar. XIX əsrin sonlarında qadın kollecinin yüksəlişi qadın alimləri iş yerləri və təhsil imkanları ilə təmin etdi. Mariya Küri elm adamlarına radioaktiv parçalanmanı tədqiq etmək üçün yol açdı və radium və polonium elementlərini kəşf etdi. Küri fizikaçı və kimyaçı kimi çalışaraq radioaktiv parçalanma ilə bağlı qabaqcıl tədqiqatlar apardı və alan ilk qadın və alan ilk şəxs oldu. 1901–2022-ci illər arasında 60 qadın Nobel mükafatına layiq görülüb. Fizika, kimya, fiziologiya və ya tibb üzrə iyirmi dörd qadın Nobel mükafatına layiq görülüb.
İstinadlar
- Whaley, Leigh Ann. Women's history as scientists: a guide to the debates. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO. 2003. ISBN .
- "Marie Curie". The Slavonic and East European Review. 13 (39): 673–676. 1935. ISSN 0037-6795. 2024-03-19 tarixində . İstifadə tarixi: 19 mart 2024.
- "Nobel Prize awarded women". NobelPrize.org. 30 May 2023 tarixində . İstifadə tarixi: 7 April 2023.
Əlavə ədəbiyyat
- Borum, Viveka, and Erica Walker. "What makes the difference? Black women's undergraduate and graduate experiences in mathematics." Journal of Negro Education 81.4 (2012): 366-378 online.
- Burek, Cynthia; Higgs, Bettie. The role of women in the history of geology. Geological Society. 2007. ISBN .
- Byers, Nina; Williams, Gary. Out of the Shadows: Contributions of Twentieth-Century Women to Physics. Cambridge UP. 2006. ISBN .
- Chapman, Angela, et al. "'Nothing is impossible': characteristics of Hispanic females participating in an informal STEM setting." Cultural Studies of Science Education (2019): 1–15. online
- Charleston, LaVar J., et al. "Navigating underrepresented STEM spaces: Experiences of Black women in US computing science higher education programs who actualize success." Journal of Diversity in Higher Education 7#3 (2014): 166–76. online
- Contreras Aguirre, et al. "Latina college students' experiences in STEM at Hispanic-Serving Institutions: framed within Latino critical race theory." International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education (2020): 1–14.
- Croucher, John S. Women in Science: 100 Inspirational Lives. Gloucestershire UK 2019. ISBN
- Dominus, Susan, "Sidelined: American women have been advancing science and technology for centuries. But their achievements weren't recognized until a tough-minded scholar [Margaret W. Rossiter] hit the road and rattled the academic world", , vol. 50, no. 6 (October 2019), pp. 42–53, 80.
- Etzkowitz, Henry; Kemelgor, Carol; Uzzi, Brian. Athena Unbound: The advancement of women in science and technology. Cambridge UP. 2000. ISBN .
- Fara, Patricia. Pandora's Breeches: Women, Science & Power in the Enlightenment. London: Pimlico. 2004. ISBN .
- Gates, Barbara T. Kindred Nature: Victorian and Edwardian Women Embrace the Living World. U of Chicago Press. 1998. ISBN .
- Hanson, S. L. "African American women in science: Experiences from high school through the postsecondary years and beyond. NWSA Journal (2004) 16:96–115. JSTOR 4317036
- Henley, Megan M. "Women's success in academic science: Challenges to breaking through the ivory ceiling." Sociology Compass 9.8 (2015): 668–680. abstract
- Herzenberg, Caroline L. Women Scientists from Antiquity to the Present. Locust Hill Press. 1986. ISBN .
- Hill, Catherine, Christianne Corbett, and Andresse St Rose. Why so few? Women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (American Association of University Women, 2010).
- ; Their Day in the Sun: Women of the Manhattan Project. Temple UP. 1999. ISBN .
- Jack, Jordynn. Science on the home front: American women scientists in World War II (U of Illinois Press, 2009).
- . Reflections on gender and science. New Haven: Yale UP. 1985. ISBN .
- McGee, Ebony O., and Lydia Bentley. "The troubled success of Black women in STEM." Cognition and Instruction 35.4 (2017): 265-289 online.
- Morton, Terrell R., Destiny S. Gee, and Ashley N. Woodson. "Being vs. Becoming: Transcending STEM Identity Development through Afropessimism, Moving toward a Black X Consciousness in STEM." Journal of Negro Education 88.3 (2020): 327-342 online.
- , "Calculating Women" (review of , Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race, William Morrow; , The Glass Universe: How the Ladies of the Harvard Observatory Took the Measure of the Stars, Viking; and , Rise of the Rocket Girls: The Women Who Propelled Us, from Missiles to the Moon to Mars, Little, Brown), , vol. LXIV, no. 9 (25 May 2017), pp. 38–39.
- National Academy of Sciences. . Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. 2006. ISBN .
- Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey. Women in Science: Antiquity through the Nineteenth Century. MIT Press. 1993. ISBN .
- , "Academia's Gender Problem", , vol. 314, no. 1 (January 2016), p. 11.
- Rosser, Sue. Breaking into the Lab: Engineering Progress for Women in Science. NYU Press. 2014. ISBN .
- Rossiter, Margaret W. Women Scientists in America: Struggles and Strategies to 1940. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins UP. 1982. ISBN .
- Rossiter, Margaret W. Women Scientists in America: Before Affirmative Action 1940–1972. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins UP. 1995. ISBN .
- . The Mind Has No Sex? Women in the Origins of Modern Science. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard UP. 1989. ISBN .
- Shteir, Ann B. Cultivating Women, Cultivating Science: Flora's Daughters and Botany in England, 1760 to 1860. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1996. ISBN .
- Wagner, Darren N., and Joanna Wharton. "The Sexes and the Sciences." Journal for Eighteenth‐Century Studies 42.4 (2019): 399-413 online.
- Warner, Deborah Jean. "Perfect in Her Place". Conspectus of History. 1 (7). 1981: 12–22.
- Watts, Ruth. Women in science: a social and cultural history (Routledge, 2007), comprehensive history of gender and women in science.
- . The Exceptions: Sixteen Women, MIT, and the Fight for Equality in Science (ingilis). . 27 April 2023. ISBN .
Xarici keçidlər
- Science Speaks: A Focus on NIOSH Women in Science
- Gender tutorials on women in science
- Statistics on women at science conferences
- The Library of Congress Selected Internet Resources Women in Science and Medicine
- Women in Science at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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Elmde qadinlarin movcudlugu elm tarixinin en erken dovrlerini ehate edir burada onlar muhum tohfeler vermisler Gender ve elme maraq gosteren tarixciler qadinlarin elmi seylerini ve nailiyyetlerini uzlesdikleri maneeleri ve islerinin esas elmi jurnallarda ve diger nesrlerde nezerden kecirilmesi ve qebul edilmesi ucun heyata kecirilen strategiyalari arasdirmislar Bu meselelerin tarixi tenqidi ve sosioloji tedqiqi ozluyunde akademik bir fenne cevrilmisdir Evklidin Baslangiclar adli orta esrlere aid tezhibindeki hendese oyreden qadin tesviri Qadinlarin tibbe celb edilmesi bir nece erken qerb sivilizasiyasinda bas verdi ve qedim Yunanistanda tebiet felsefesinin oyrenilmesi qadinlar ucun aciq idi Eramizin birinci ve ya ikinci esrlerinde qadinlar kimyagerlik elmine tohfe vermisdiler Orta esrlerde dini monastirlar qadinlar ucun muhum tehsil yeri idi ve bu icmalarin bezileri qadinlarin elmi tedqiqatlara tohfe vermesi ucun imkanlar yaradirdi XI esrde ilk universitetlerin meydana cixmaga basladi ve qadinlar ekser hallarda universitet tehsilinden kenarda qaldilar Akademiyadan kenarda botanika erken muasir dovrlerde qadinlarin tohfelerinden en cox faydalanan elm idi Italiyada qadinlarin tibb sahesinde tehsil almasina munasibet diger yerlere nisbeten daha liberal gorunurdu Elmi tedqiqatlar sahesinde universitetde vezife tutmus ilk qadin XVIII esr italyan alimi Laura Bassi idi XVIII esrde gender rollari esasen determinist idi ve qadinlar elmde ehemiyyetli irelileyisler elde edirdiler XIX esrde qadinlar ekser formal elmi tehsilden kenarda qaldilar lakin bu dovrde onlar elmi cemiyyetlere qebul olunmaga basladilar XIX esrin sonlarinda qadin kollecinin yukselisi qadin alimleri is yerleri ve tehsil imkanlari ile temin etdi Mariya Kuri elm adamlarina radioaktiv parcalanmani tedqiq etmek ucun yol acdi ve radium ve polonium elementlerini kesf etdi Kuri fizikaci ve kimyaci kimi calisaraq radioaktiv parcalanma ile bagli qabaqcil tedqiqatlar apardi ve Fizika uzre Nobel mukafati alan ilk qadin ve Kimya uzre Nobel mukafati alan ilk sexs oldu 1901 2022 ci iller arasinda 60 qadin Nobel mukafatina layiq gorulub Fizika kimya fiziologiya ve ya tibb uzre iyirmi dord qadin Nobel mukafatina layiq gorulub IstinadlarWhaley Leigh Ann Women s history as scientists a guide to the debates Santa Barbara Calif ABC CLIO 2003 ISBN 978 1 57607 230 1 Marie Curie The Slavonic and East European Review 13 39 673 676 1935 ISSN 0037 6795 2024 03 19 tarixinde Istifade tarixi 19 mart 2024 Nobel Prize awarded women NobelPrize org 30 May 2023 tarixinde Istifade tarixi 7 April 2023 Elave edebiyyatBorum Viveka and Erica Walker What makes the difference Black women s undergraduate and graduate experiences in mathematics Journal of Negro Education 81 4 2012 366 378 online Burek Cynthia Higgs Bettie The role of women in the history of geology Geological Society 2007 ISBN 978 1 86239 227 4 Byers Nina Williams Gary Out of the Shadows Contributions of Twentieth Century Women to Physics Cambridge UP 2006 ISBN 978 0 521 82197 1 Chapman Angela et al Nothing is impossible characteristics of Hispanic females participating in an informal STEM setting Cultural Studies of Science Education 2019 1 15 online Charleston LaVar J et al Navigating underrepresented STEM spaces Experiences of Black women in US computing science higher education programs who actualize success Journal of Diversity in Higher Education 7 3 2014 166 76 online Contreras Aguirre et al Latina college students experiences in STEM at Hispanic Serving Institutions framed within Latino critical race theory International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 2020 1 14 Croucher John S Women in Science 100 Inspirational Lives Gloucestershire UK 2019 ISBN 9781445684727 Dominus Susan Sidelined American women have been advancing science and technology for centuries But their achievements weren t recognized until a tough minded scholar Margaret W Rossiter hit the road and rattled the academic world vol 50 no 6 October 2019 pp 42 53 80 Etzkowitz Henry Kemelgor Carol Uzzi Brian Athena Unbound The advancement of women in science and technology Cambridge UP 2000 ISBN 978 0 521 78738 3 Fara Patricia Pandora s Breeches Women Science amp Power in the Enlightenment London Pimlico 2004 ISBN 978 1 84413 082 5 Gates Barbara T Kindred Nature Victorian and Edwardian Women Embrace the Living World U of Chicago Press 1998 ISBN 978 0 226 28443 9 Hanson S L African American women in science Experiences from high school through the postsecondary years and beyond NWSA Journal 2004 16 96 115 JSTOR 4317036 Henley Megan M Women s success in academic science Challenges to breaking through the ivory ceiling Sociology Compass 9 8 2015 668 680 abstract Herzenberg Caroline L Women Scientists from Antiquity to the Present Locust Hill Press 1986 ISBN 978 0 933951 01 3 Hill Catherine Christianne Corbett and Andresse St Rose Why so few Women in science technology engineering and mathematics American Association of University Women 2010 Their Day in the Sun Women of the Manhattan Project Temple UP 1999 ISBN 978 1 56639 719 3 Jack Jordynn Science on the home front American women scientists in World War II U of Illinois Press 2009 Reflections on gender and science New Haven Yale UP 1985 ISBN 978 0 300 06595 4 McGee Ebony O and Lydia Bentley The troubled success of Black women in STEM Cognition and Instruction 35 4 2017 265 289 online Morton Terrell R Destiny S Gee and Ashley N Woodson Being vs Becoming Transcending STEM Identity Development through Afropessimism Moving toward a Black X Consciousness in STEM Journal of Negro Education 88 3 2020 327 342 online Calculating Women review of Hidden Figures The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race William Morrow The Glass Universe How the Ladies of the Harvard Observatory Took the Measure of the Stars Viking and Rise of the Rocket Girls The Women Who Propelled Us from Missiles to the Moon to Mars Little Brown vol LXIV no 9 25 May 2017 pp 38 39 National Academy of Sciences Washington D C The National Academies Press 2006 ISBN 978 0 309 10320 6 Ogilvie Marilyn Bailey Women in Science Antiquity through the Nineteenth Century MIT Press 1993 ISBN 978 0 262 65038 0 Academia s Gender Problem vol 314 no 1 January 2016 p 11 Rosser Sue Breaking into the Lab Engineering Progress for Women in Science NYU Press 2014 ISBN 978 1 4798 0920 2 Rossiter Margaret W Women Scientists in America Struggles and Strategies to 1940 Baltimore The Johns Hopkins UP 1982 ISBN 978 0 8018 2509 5 Rossiter Margaret W Women Scientists in America Before Affirmative Action 1940 1972 Baltimore The Johns Hopkins UP 1995 ISBN 978 0 8018 4893 3 The Mind Has No Sex Women in the Origins of Modern Science Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard UP 1989 ISBN 978 0 674 57625 4 Shteir Ann B Cultivating Women Cultivating Science Flora s Daughters and Botany in England 1760 to 1860 Baltimore The Johns Hopkins University Press 1996 ISBN 978 0 8018 6175 8 Wagner Darren N and Joanna Wharton The Sexes and the Sciences Journal for Eighteenth Century Studies 42 4 2019 399 413 online Warner Deborah Jean Perfect in Her Place Conspectus of History 1 7 1981 12 22 Watts Ruth Women in science a social and cultural history Routledge 2007 comprehensive history of gender and women in science The Exceptions Sixteen Women MIT and the Fight for Equality in Science ingilis 27 April 2023 ISBN 978 1 398 52000 4 Xarici kecidlerVikianbarda elaqeli media fayllar Science Speaks A Focus on NIOSH Women in Science Gender tutorials on women in science Statistics on women at science conferences The Library of Congress Selected Internet Resources Women in Science and Medicine Women in Science at the Encyclopaedia Britannica