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Qay Qaleri Valeri Maksimian (lat. Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus), Roma tarixşünaslığında daha çox Qaleri kimi tanınır (250, Roma Dakiyası – 5 may 311) — 293–311-ci illərdə hakimiyyətdə olmuş Roma imperatoru. O, xristianları təqib etməsi ilə tanınır.
| Qaleri | |
|---|---|
| lat. Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus | |
 | |
| 1 may 305 – may 311 | |
| Şəxsi məlumatlar | |
| Doğum adı | Galerius Maximinus |
| Doğum tarixi | 250 |
| Doğum yeri | |
| Vəfat tarixi | 5 may 311 |
| Dəfn yeri | |
| Fəaliyyəti | siyasətçi, rəhbər[d] |
| Atası | bilinmir və ya Diokletian |
| Uşaqları | |
| Dini | Qədim Romada din |
 Vikianbarda əlaqəli mediafayllar | |
Həyatı
Əslən İlliriyadan olan Qaleri 1 mart 293-cü ildə Diokletian tərəfindən sezar təyin edilmişdir. Diokletianın qızı Qaleri ilə evlənmiş və Diokletian da öz növbəsində Qalerini övladlığa götürmüşdür. Qaleri həyat fəaliyyətinə savadsız çoban kimi başlamışdır, zorakı xarakterli və siyasi baxımdan əhəmiyyətsiz bir insan idi. O, sonradan bacarıqlı bir əsgər və Diokletianın sadiq köməkçisi olmuşdur. İmperiya Diokletian və arasında bölünəndə Qaleri Dunayboyu ölkələrə yiyələnmişdir. Onun rəsmi iqamətgahı Sirmiyada idi, lakin o, xüsusilə şərqdə, imperiyanın Diokletian payına düşən hissəsində fəal idi. Qaleri 293–295-ci illərdə Aşağı Dunayda german tayfalarına qarşı yürüşlər aparmış və onları dəfələrlə məğlub etmişdir. Digər tərəfdən, şahənşah başçılıq etdiyi Sasani qüvvələri tərəfindən Karr döyüşündə məğlub edilmişdir. O, ikinci döyüşdə qalib gələrək Sasanilərə Romaya şərqdə indiyə qədər əldə etdikləri ən böyük uğurunu təmin edən müqavilə bağlamağa məcbur etmişdir.
Qaleri nə Qərbdə, nə də Şərqdə vəziyyətə tam hakim ola bilməmişdir. O, heç vaxt Diokletianın malik olduğu ali imperiya ləyaqətinə nail ola bilməmişdi. Qaleri 30 aprel 311-ci ildə xristianlara öz dinlərini maneəsiz etiqad etmələrinə icazə verən Serdika fərmanını imzalamışdır. O, beləliklə, xristianlara qarşı apardığı təqibləri dayandırmışdı. Təqib səkkiz il davam etmiş və hətta paqan əhalini də iyrəndirmişdi.
İstinadlar
- Gai Galeri Valeri Maximià // Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana (kat.). Grup Enciclopèdia, 1968.
- "Valerius Maximianus Galerius". 2022-12-13 tarixində . İstifadə tarixi: 2022-12-13.
Əlavə ədəbiyyat
- Codex Theodosianus.
- Mommsen, T. and Paul M. Meyer, eds. Theodosiani libri XVI cum Constitutionibus Sirmondianis et Leges novellae ad Theodosianum pertinentes2 (in Latin). Berlin: Weidmann, [1905] 1954. Compiled by Nicholas Palmer, revised by Tony Honoré for Oxford Text Archive, 1984. Prepared for online use by R.W.B. Salway, 1999. Preface, books 1–8. Online at University College London 26 avqust 2009 at the Wayback Machine and the University of Grenoble 2010-06-18 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 25 August 2009.
- Unknown edition (in Latin). Online at AncientRome.ru 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 15 August 2009.
- Epitome de Caesaribus.
- Banchich, Thomas M., trans. A Booklet About the Style of Life and the Manners of the Imperatores. Canisius College Translated Texts 1. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2009. Online at De Imperatoribus Romanis 2020-11-08 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 15 August 2009.
- Eusebius of Caesarea.
- Historia Ecclesiastica (Church History).
- McGiffert, Arthur Cushman, trans. Church History. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent 2014-06-23 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 25 August 2009.
- Vita Constantini (Life of Constantine).
- Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. Life of Constantine. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent 2021-01-15 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 25 August 2009.
- Historia Ecclesiastica (Church History).
- Festus. Breviarium.
- Banchich, Thomas M., and Jennifer A. Meka, trans. Breviarium of the Accomplishments of the Roman People. Canisius College Translated Texts 2. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2001. Online at De Imperatoribus Romanis 2022-04-07 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 15 August 2009.
- Lactantius. De Mortibus Persecutorum (On the Deaths of the Persecutors).
- Fletcher, William, trans. Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent 2021-01-15 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 25 August 2009.
- XII Panegyrici Latini (Twelve Latin Panegyrics).
- Nixon, C.E.V., and Barbara Saylor Rodgers, ed. and trans. In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2015.
- Zosimus. Historia Nova (New History).
- Unknown, trans. The History of Count Zosimus. London: Green and Champlin, 1814. Online at Tertullian 2022-10-13 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 15 August 2009.{{efn|This edition and translation is not very good. The pagination is broken in several places, there are many typographical errors (including several replacements of "Julian" with "Jovian" and "Constantine" with "Constantius"). It is nonetheless the only translation of the Historia Nova in the public domain.
- Banchich, Thomas M. "Iulianus (c. 286–293 AD) 2015-03-15 at the Wayback Machine." De Imperatoribus Romanis (1997). Accessed March 8, 2008.
- Barnes, Timothy D. "Lactantius and Constantine." The Journal of Roman Studies 63 (1973): 29–46.
- Barnes, Timothy D. Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. ISBN
- The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1982. ISBN .
- Bleckmann, Bruno. "Diocletianus." In Brill's New Pauly, Volume 4, edited by Hubert Cancik and Helmut Schneider, 429–438. Leiden: Brill, 2002. ISBN
- Bowman, Alan K., Peter Garnsey, and Averil Cameron. The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Crisis of Empire. Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN
- Brown, Peter. The Rise of Western Christendom. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2003. ISBN
- Burgess, R.W. "The Date of the Persecution of Christians in the Army". Journal of Theological Studies 47:1 (1996): 157–158.
- Corcoran, Simon. The Empire of the Tetrarchs: Imperial Pronouncements and Government, AD 284–324. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. ISBN
- Corcoran, "Before Constantine", Simon. "Before Constantine." In The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine, edited by Noel Lenski, 35–58. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Hardcover ISBN Paperback ISBN
- DiMaio, Jr., Michael. "Constantius I Chlorus (305–306 AD) 2012-02-04 at the Wayback Machine." De Imperatoribus Romanis (1996a). Accessed March 8, 2008.
- DiMaio, Jr., Michael. "Galerius (305–311 AD) 2012-01-26 at the Wayback Machine." De Imperatoribus Romanis (1996b). Accessed March 8, 2008.
- DiMaio, Jr., Michael. "Maximianus Herculius (286–305 AD) 2012-08-25 at the Wayback Machine." De Imperatoribus Romanis (1997). Accessed March 8, 2008.
- Elliott, T. G. The Christianity of Constantine the Great. Scranton, PA: University of Scranton Press, 1996. ISBN
- Gibbon, Edward, 'Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire', Chapter 14
- Harries, Jill. Law and Empire in Late Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Hardcover ISBN Paperback ISBN
- Helgeland, John. "Christians and the Roman Army A.D. 173–337." Church History 43:2 (1974): 149–163, 200.
- ; ; , redaktorlar C. Galerius Valerius Maximianus 9 // . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1971. 574–575.
- Jones, A.H.M. The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1986.
- Leadbetter, Bill. Galerius and the Will of Diocletian. London: Routledge. 2010. ISBN .
- Lenski, Noel. "The Reign of Constantine." In The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine, edited by Noel Lenski, 59–90. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006b. Hardcover ISBN Paperback ISBN
- Mackay, Christopher S. "Lactantius and the Succession to Diocletian." Classical Philology 94:2 (1999): 198–209.
- Mathisen, Ralph W. "Diocletian (284–305 AD.) 2015-05-21 at the Wayback Machine." De Imperatoribus Romanis (1997). Accessed February 16, 2008.
- Odahl, Charles Matson. Constantine and the Christian Empire. New York: Routledge, 2004. Hardcover ISBN Paperback ISBN
- Pohlsander, Hans. The Emperor Constantine. London & New York: Routledge, 2004a. Hardcover ISBN Paperback ISBN
- Pohlsander, Hans. "Constantine I (306 – 337 AD) 2017-07-11 at the Wayback Machine." De Imperatoribus Romanis (2004b). Accessed December 16, 2007.
- Potter, David S. The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. New York: Routledge, 2005. Hardcover ISBN Paperback ISBN
- Rees, Roger. Diocletian and the Tetrarchy. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press. 2004. ISBN .
- Southern, Pat. The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. New York: Routledge, 2001. ISBN
- Rostovtzeff, Michael. The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966. ISBN
- Treadgold, Warren. A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997. ISBN
- Williams, Stephen. Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. New York: Routledge, 1997. ISBN
Xarici keçidlər
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Vikianbarda Qaleri ilə əlaqəli mediafayllar var.- Medieval Sourcebook: Edict of Toleration by Galerius, 311.
- Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus
- Lactantius about Galerius in his "De Mortibus Persecutorum" chapter XXIII & XXVII
- Catholic Encyclopedia
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Qay Qaleri Valeri Maksimian lat Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus Roma tarixsunasliginda daha cox Qaleri kimi taninir 250 Roma Dakiyasi 5 may 311 293 311 ci illerde hakimiyyetde olmus Roma imperatoru O xristianlari teqib etmesi ile taninir Qalerilat Gaius Galerius Valerius MaximianusRoma imperatoru1 may 305 may 311Sexsi melumatlarDogum adi Galerius MaximinusDogum tarixi 250Dogum yeri Roma Dakiyasi Qedim RomaVefat tarixi 5 may 311 0311 05 05 Defn yeri SofiyaFealiyyeti siyasetci rehber d Atasi bilinmir ve ya DiokletianUsaqlari II Maksimin DazaDini Qedim Romada din Vikianbarda elaqeli mediafayllarHeyatiEslen Illiriyadan olan Qaleri 1 mart 293 cu ilde Diokletian terefinden sezar teyin edilmisdir Diokletianin qizi Qaleri ile evlenmis ve Diokletian da oz novbesinde Qalerini ovladliga goturmusdur Qaleri heyat fealiyyetine savadsiz coban kimi baslamisdir zoraki xarakterli ve siyasi baximdan ehemiyyetsiz bir insan idi O sonradan bacariqli bir esger ve Diokletianin sadiq komekcisi olmusdur Imperiya Diokletian ve arasinda bolunende Qaleri Dunayboyu olkelere yiyelenmisdir Onun resmi iqametgahi Sirmiyada idi lakin o xususile serqde imperiyanin Diokletian payina dusen hissesinde feal idi Qaleri 293 295 ci illerde Asagi Dunayda german tayfalarina qarsi yurusler aparmis ve onlari defelerle meglub etmisdir Diger terefden sahensah basciliq etdiyi Sasani quvveleri terefinden Karr doyusunde meglub edilmisdir O ikinci doyusde qalib gelerek Sasanilere Romaya serqde indiye qeder elde etdikleri en boyuk ugurunu temin eden muqavile baglamaga mecbur etmisdir Qaleri ne Qerbde ne de Serqde veziyyete tam hakim ola bilmemisdir O hec vaxt Diokletianin malik oldugu ali imperiya leyaqetine nail ola bilmemisdi Qaleri 30 aprel 311 ci ilde xristianlara oz dinlerini maneesiz etiqad etmelerine icaze veren Serdika fermanini imzalamisdir O belelikle xristianlara qarsi apardigi teqibleri dayandirmisdi Teqib sekkiz il davam etmis ve hetta paqan ehalini de iyrendirmisdi IstinadlarGai Galeri Valeri Maximia Gran Enciclopedia Catalana kat Grup Enciclopedia 1968 Valerius Maximianus Galerius 2022 12 13 tarixinde Istifade tarixi 2022 12 13 Elave edebiyyatCodex Theodosianus Mommsen T and Paul M Meyer eds Theodosiani libri XVI cum Constitutionibus Sirmondianis et Leges novellae ad Theodosianum pertinentes2 in Latin Berlin Weidmann 1905 1954 Compiled by Nicholas Palmer revised by Tony Honore for Oxford Text Archive 1984 Prepared for online use by R W B Salway 1999 Preface books 1 8 Online at University College London 26 avqust 2009 at the Wayback Machine and the University of Grenoble 2010 06 18 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 25 August 2009 Unknown edition in Latin Online at AncientRome ru 2011 07 16 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 15 August 2009 Epitome de Caesaribus Banchich Thomas M trans A Booklet About the Style of Life and the Manners of the Imperatores Canisius College Translated Texts 1 Buffalo NY Canisius College 2009 Online at De Imperatoribus Romanis 2020 11 08 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 15 August 2009 Eusebius of Caesarea Historia Ecclesiastica Church History McGiffert Arthur Cushman trans Church History From Nicene and Post Nicene Fathers Second Series Vol 1 Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace Buffalo NY Christian Literature Publishing Co 1890 Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight Online at New Advent 2014 06 23 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 25 August 2009 Vita Constantini Life of Constantine Richardson Ernest Cushing trans Life of Constantine From Nicene and Post Nicene Fathers Second Series Vol 1 Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace Buffalo NY Christian Literature Publishing Co 1890 Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight Online at New Advent 2021 01 15 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 25 August 2009 Festus Breviarium Banchich Thomas M and Jennifer A Meka trans Breviarium of the Accomplishments of the Roman People Canisius College Translated Texts 2 Buffalo NY Canisius College 2001 Online at De Imperatoribus Romanis 2022 04 07 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 15 August 2009 Lactantius De Mortibus Persecutorum On the Deaths of the Persecutors Fletcher William trans Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died From Nicene and Post Nicene Fathers Second Series Vol 7 Edited by Alexander Roberts James Donaldson and A Cleveland Coxe Buffalo NY Christian Literature Publishing Co 1886 Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight Online at New Advent 2021 01 15 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 25 August 2009 XII Panegyrici Latini Twelve Latin Panegyrics Nixon C E V and Barbara Saylor Rodgers ed and trans In Praise of Later Roman Emperors The Panegyrici Latini Berkeley University of California Press 2015 Zosimus Historia Nova New History Unknown trans The History of Count Zosimus London Green and Champlin 1814 Online at Tertullian 2022 10 13 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 15 August 2009 efn This edition and translation is not very good The pagination is broken in several places there are many typographical errors including several replacements of Julian with Jovian and Constantine with Constantius It is nonetheless the only translation of the Historia Nova in the public domain Banchich Thomas M Iulianus c 286 293 AD 2015 03 15 at the Wayback Machine De Imperatoribus Romanis 1997 Accessed March 8 2008 Barnes Timothy D Lactantius and Constantine The Journal of Roman Studies 63 1973 29 46 Barnes Timothy D Constantine and Eusebius Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 1981 ISBN 978 0 674 16531 1 The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 1982 ISBN 0 674 28066 0 Bleckmann Bruno Diocletianus In Brill s New Pauly Volume 4 edited by Hubert Cancik and Helmut Schneider 429 438 Leiden Brill 2002 ISBN 90 04 12259 1 Bowman Alan K Peter Garnsey and Averil Cameron The Cambridge Ancient History Volume XII The Crisis of Empire Cambridge University Press 2005 ISBN 0 521 30199 8 Brown Peter The Rise of Western Christendom Oxford Blackwell Publishing 2003 ISBN 0 631 22138 7 Burgess R W The Date of the Persecution of Christians in the Army Journal of Theological Studies 47 1 1996 157 158 Corcoran Simon The Empire of the Tetrarchs Imperial Pronouncements and Government AD 284 324 Oxford Clarendon Press 1996 ISBN 0 19 815304 X Corcoran Before Constantine Simon Before Constantine In The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine edited by Noel Lenski 35 58 New York Cambridge University Press 2006 Hardcover ISBN 0 521 81838 9 Paperback ISBN 0 521 52157 2 DiMaio Jr Michael Constantius I Chlorus 305 306 AD 2012 02 04 at the Wayback Machine De Imperatoribus Romanis 1996a Accessed March 8 2008 DiMaio Jr Michael Galerius 305 311 AD 2012 01 26 at the Wayback Machine De Imperatoribus Romanis 1996b Accessed March 8 2008 DiMaio Jr Michael Maximianus Herculius 286 305 AD 2012 08 25 at the Wayback Machine De Imperatoribus Romanis 1997 Accessed March 8 2008 Elliott T G The Christianity of Constantine the Great Scranton PA University of Scranton Press 1996 ISBN 0 940866 59 5 Gibbon Edward Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Chapter 14 Harries Jill Law and Empire in Late Antiquity Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1999 Hardcover ISBN 0 521 41087 8 Paperback ISBN 0 521 42273 6 Helgeland John Christians and the Roman Army A D 173 337 Church History 43 2 1974 149 163 200 redaktorlar C Galerius Valerius Maximianus 9 Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1971 574 575 Jones A H M The Later Roman Empire 284 602 A Social Economic and Administrative Survey Baltimore Johns Hopkins University 1986 Leadbetter Bill Galerius and the Will of Diocletian London Routledge 2010 ISBN 978 0 415 40488 4 Lenski Noel The Reign of Constantine In The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine edited by Noel Lenski 59 90 New York Cambridge University Press 2006b Hardcover ISBN 0 521 81838 9 Paperback ISBN 0 521 52157 2 Mackay Christopher S Lactantius and the Succession to Diocletian Classical Philology 94 2 1999 198 209 Mathisen Ralph W Diocletian 284 305 AD 2015 05 21 at the Wayback Machine De Imperatoribus Romanis 1997 Accessed February 16 2008 Odahl Charles Matson Constantine and the Christian Empire New York Routledge 2004 Hardcover ISBN 0 415 17485 6 Paperback ISBN 0 415 38655 1 Pohlsander Hans The Emperor Constantine London amp New York Routledge 2004a Hardcover ISBN 0 415 31937 4 Paperback ISBN 0 415 31938 2 Pohlsander Hans Constantine I 306 337 AD 2017 07 11 at the Wayback Machine De Imperatoribus Romanis 2004b Accessed December 16 2007 Potter David S The Roman Empire at Bay AD 180 395 New York Routledge 2005 Hardcover ISBN 0 415 10057 7 Paperback ISBN 0 415 10058 5 Rees Roger Diocletian and the Tetrarchy Edinburgh UK Edinburgh University Press 2004 ISBN 9780748616602 Southern Pat The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine New York Routledge 2001 ISBN 0 415 23944 3 Rostovtzeff Michael The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire Oxford Oxford University Press 1966 ISBN 978 0 19 814231 7 Treadgold Warren A History of the Byzantine State and Society Stanford Stanford University Press 1997 ISBN 0 8047 2630 2 Williams Stephen Diocletian and the Roman Recovery New York Routledge 1997 ISBN 0 415 91827 8Xarici kecidlerVikianbarda Qaleri ile elaqeli mediafayllar var Medieval Sourcebook Edict of Toleration by Galerius 311 Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus Lactantius about Galerius in his De Mortibus Persecutorum chapter XXIII amp XXVII Catholic Encyclopedia