Zakarpatye (ukr. Закарпаття) — Mərkəzi Avropada yerləşən tarixi-coğrafi bölgə. Ən qədim dövrlərdən bəri bu ərazi slavyan xalqlarının, o cümlədən şərqi slavyan etnik qrupuna daxil olan rusinlərin sıx şəkildə məskunlaşdığı torpaq olmuşdur. Zakarpatye ərazisi Zakarpatya düzənliyi, Karpat dağlarının ətəkləri və cənub yamaclarını əhatə edir. Tarixi Karpat Rusiyası (bəzən "Karpat Ukraynası" da adlandırılır) Macarıstan krallığının Spiş, Şariş, Zemplin, Uq, Bereq, Uqoça və Maramaroş komitatlarının ərazilərini əhatə edirdi. Bu bölgəyə müasir Zakarpatye (Ukrayna), Preşov Rusiyası (indiki Slovakiya ərazisində yerləşir) və Maramureş vilayəti (hazırda Rumıniya ərazisində yerləşir) daxildir.
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Zakarpatye, Ukraynanın yeganə vilayətidir ki, dörd xarici dövlətlə sərhəddə yerləşir: Slovakiya, Macarıstan, Rumıniya və Polşa. Bölgədə yerləşən Ujqorod şəhəri həmçinin Ukraynanın ən qərb şəhərlərindən biridir. Bu bölgə Avropa tarixində müxtəlif dövlətlərin və imperiyaların tərkibində olmuşdur: Macarıstan krallığı, Habsburq monarxiyası, Çexoslovakiya, Macarıstan və SSRİ.
Tarixi
Zakarpatye bölgəsi qədim dövrlərdən müxtəlif etnosların, xüsusilə slavyan tayfalarının yaşadığı məkan olmuşdur. IX əsrdə bu ərazi Böyük Moraviya dövlətinin, sonradan isə Macarıstan krallığının tərkibinə daxil olmuşdur. Orta əsrlərdə bölgə Macarıstan krallığının tərkibində olmuş, daha sonra isə Habsburq monarxiyasının idarəsinə keçmişdir. Bu dövrdə bölgədə müxtəlif etnosların — rusinlərin, macarların, almanların və yəhudilərin birgə yaşadığı çoxmillətli bir cəmiyyət formalaşmışdır. 1918-ci ildə Avstriya-Macarıstan imperiyasının süqutundan sonra Zakarpatye bölgəsi yeni yaranmış Çexoslovakiya Respublikasının tərkibinə daxil edildi. Bu dövrdə bölgədə muxtariyyət uğrunda hərəkatlar baş verdi. 1938-ci ildə Birinci Vyana arbitrajı nəticəsində bölgənin bir hissəsi Macarıstana verildi. 1939-cu ildə Macarıstan ərazinin qalan hissəsini də işğal etdi. İkinci Dünya müharibəsi dövründə bölgənin yəhudi əhalisi nasist rejimi tərəfindən kütləvi şəkildə deportasiya edildi və çoxu Auşvitz kimi ölüm düşərgələrində qətlə yetirildi. Müharibədən sonra Zakarpatye bölgəsi Sovet Sosialist Respublikaları İttifaqının (SSRİ) tərkibinə daxil edildi və Ukrayna SSR-nin vilayəti statusu almışdır. 1991-ci ildən sonra isə müstəqil Ukrayna dövlətinin bir hissəsi olmuşdur.
Demoqrafiyası
Etnik qruplar
Census | Rusinlər, və | "Çexoslovaklar" (Çexlər və ) | Macarlar | Rumınlar | Digərləri | Ümumi əhali | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1880 | 244,742 (59.8%) | 8,611 (2.1%) | 31,745 (7.8%) | 105,343 (25.8%) | (siyahıyaalınma seçimi deyil) | 16,713 (4.1%) | 1,817 (0.4%) | 408,971 (100%) |
1921 | 372,884 (63.0%) | 19,737 (3.3%) | 10,460 (1.8%) | 102,144 (17.3%) | 80,059 (13.5%) | ("digərləri" ilə) | 6,760 (1.1%) | 592,044 (100%) |
1930 | 450,925 (62.2%) | 34,511 (4.8%) | 13,804 (1.9%) | 115,805 (16.0%) | 95,008 (13.1%) | 12,777 (1.8%) | 2,527 (0.4%) | 725,357 (100%) |
1959 | 686,464 (74.6%) | Slovaklar 12,289 (1.3%) Çexlər 964 (0.1%) | 3,504 (0.4%) | 146,247 (15.9%) | 12,169 (1.3%) | 18,346 (2%) | Ruslar 29,599 (3.2%) | 920,173 (100%) |
1970 | 808,131 (76.5%) | Slovaklar 9,573 (0.9%) Çexlər 721 (0.1%) | 4,230 (0.4%) | 151,949 (14.4%) | 10,856 (1%) | 23,454 (2.2%) | Ruslar 35,189 (3.3%) | 1,056,799 (100%) |
1979 | 898,606 (77.8%) | Slovaklar 8,245 (0.7%) Çexlər 669 (0.1%) | 3,746 (0.3%) | 158,446 (13.7%) | 3,848 (0.3%) | 27,155 (2.3%) | Ruslar 41,713 (3.6%) | 1,155,759 (100%) |
1989 | 976,749 (78.4%) | Slovaklar 7,329 (0.6%) | 3,478 (0.3%) | 155,711 (12.5%) | 2,639 (0.2%) | 29,485 (2.4%) | Ruslar 49,456 (4.0%) Qaraçılar (1.0%) | 1,245,618 (100%) |
2001 | 1,010,100 (80.5%) Rusinlər 10,100 (0.8%) | Slovaklar 5,600 (0.5%) | 3,500 (0.3%) | 151,500 (12.1%) | məlumat yoxdur | 32,100 (2.6%) | Ruslar 31,000 (2.5%) Rumınlar 14,000 (1.1%) Digərləri (0.4%) | (100%) |
Qeydlər
- Həmçinin Transcarpathian Ruthenia, Transcarpathian Ukraine, Carpathian Ruthenia, Rusinsko, Subcarpathian Rus', Subcarpathia
- Əlavə olaraq: rusin. Пудкарпатьска Русь; slovak. Podkarpatská Rus; mac. Kárpátalja; rum. Transcarpatia; pol. Zakarpacie; rus. Закарпатье; çex. Podkarpatská Rus; alm. Karpatenukraine
İstinadlar
- "Subcarpathian Rus'/Podkarpats'ka Rus'". 2008-07-24 tarixində orijinalından arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 2007-06-10.
- Shandor, 1997. səh. 257–258
- Markus, Vasyl. "Carpatho-Ukraine under Hungarian Occupation". The Ukrainian Quarterly. 10 (3). 1954: 252ff.
- Uzhgorod and Mukachevo: a guide, Dmitriĭ Ivanovich Pop, Ivan Ivanovich Pop, Raduga Publishers, 1987, p. 14.,
- Magocsi, Paul R. Our people: Carpatho-Rusyns and their descendants in North America. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. 2005. ISBN – Google Books vasitəsilə.
- Forward, Jean S. Endangered Peoples of Europe: Struggles to Survive and Thrive. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2018. ISBN – Google Books vasitəsilə.
- Transcarpathian Ukraine // The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (third (1970–1979)) – The Free Dictionary vasitəsilə.
- Magocsi, Paul Robert. "The Carpatho-Rusyns". Carpatho-Rusyn American. Carpatho-Rusyn Research Center. XVIII (4). 1995.
- Magocsi, Paul Robert. The Roots of Ukrainian Nationalism: Galicia as Ukraine's Piedmont. University of Toronto Press. 2002. 2–4. ISBN .
- Sedov, Valentin Vasilyevich. Славяне в раннем Средневековье [Sloveni u ranom srednjem veku (Slavs in Early Middle Ages)]. Novi Sad: Akademska knjiga. 2013 [1995]. 168, 444, 451. ISBN .
- Stanove culture. Encyclopedia of Ukraine. 5. University of Toronto Press. 2001 [1993]. ISBN .
- Віднянський С.В. ЗАКАРПАТСЬКА УКРАЇНА, ЗАКАРПАТТЯ. Encyclopedia of Ukrainian History (ukrayna). 3. Naukova Dumka, NASU Institute of History of Ukraine. 2005. ISBN .
Тут знайдено чимало предметів часів мідного віку, бронзового віку та залізного віку. Помірно континентальний клімат і природні багатства Закарпаття роблять цю місцевість привабливою для проживання. Тут свого часу осіли фракійські племена, які залишили після себе пам'ятки куштановицької культури, та кельти, репрезентовані пам'ятками латенської к-ри (див. Латенські пам'ятки). Вчені вважають, що в Закарпатті в 3–1 ст. до н. е. склалася змішана кельто-фракійська к-ра, на основі якої утворився досить стійкий симбіоз племен, що проіснував бл. 200 років і сприяв поширенню цивілізаційних досягнень із зх. на укр. тер. Пізніше на Закарпатті з'явилися бастарни (їхня етнічна приналежність не з'ясована). В 2 ст. н. е. ч. Закарпаття була приєднана до рим. провінції Дакія. В часи Великого переселення народів через Закарпаття проходили гуни й авари. На Закарпатті побували герм. племена, в т. ч. гепіди. З перших століть н. е. почалося розселення слов'ян. За археол. даними, з 2 ст. н. е. тут міцно осіло хліборобське слов'ян. нас. – білі хорвати (див. Хорвати), матеріальна й духовна к-ра яких була тісно пов'язана з к-рою східнослов'ян. племен, що населяли Прикарпаття, Волинь, Придністров'я і Придніпров'я. В 9–10 ст. Закарпаття входило до складу Болг. д-ви, а з 2-ї пол. 10 ст. перебувало у сфері впливу Київської Русі, про що свідчить, зокрема, міграція сюди нас. із Прикарпаття. В "Повісті временних літ" є згадки про участь білих хорватів у війнах київ. князів проти Візантії та про похід вел. кн. київ. Володимира Святославича на білих хорватів 992. З того часу за Закарпаттям закріплюється назва "Русь". Після смерті вел. кн. київ. Володимира Святославича (1015) Закарпаття почав завойовувати угор. король Стефан I, його син Емеріх мав титул "князь русинів". На поч. 13 ст. всі землі Закарпаття опинилися під владою Угорщини. До поч. 20 ст. Закарпаття, перебуваючи в складі Угорщини, Австрії та Австро-Угорщини, мало назву "Угорська Русь".
- Volodymyr Mezentsev. Iron Age. Encyclopedia of Ukraine. 2. University of Toronto Press. 2001 [1988]. ISBN .
In Transcarpathia, descendants of the Thracian Hallstatt culture constituted the Kushtanovytsia culture in the 6th to 3rd centuries BC. In the course of the 2nd and 1st centuries BC the indigenous Thracian and proto-Slavic population of Transcarpathia, western Podilia, Bukovyna, Galicia, and Volhynia intermingled with the Celtic tribes of the La Tàene culture that spread there from central Europe.
- Volodymyr Kubijovyč; Vasyl Markus; Ivan L. Rudnytsky; Ihor Stebelsky. Transcarpathia. Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine. 5. University of Toronto Press. 2005 [1993]. ISBN .
In the Bronze Age (ca 1800 BC) Transcarpathia maintained continuity in its painted pottery style of the Stanove culture but gained metalworking skills (swords, knives, sickles, axes) as a result of the arrival of Thracian tribes from Transylvania. Subsequently Transcarpathia came under the control of the Celts, who arrived from the west and brought with them iron-smelting (ca 400–200 BC); the first local coins were minted in the 3rd century BC. Of the eastern nomadic peoples the earliest to influence Transcarpathia were the Iranian-speaking Scythians (expressed locally from the 6th century BC in the Kushtanovytsia culture) and then the Iazyges, a Sarmatian tribe confronting the Romans in Dacia (50 AD); their influence was followed by the invasions of the Turkic-speaking Huns (380 AD), the Avars (558 AD), and, finally, the Ugro-Finnic Magyars (896 AD). In the 2nd century AD neighboring Dacia (Transylvania) became a Roman province, and Roman merchants visited Transcarpathia. In the early Middle Ages Transcarpathia was traversed by Germanic tribes. Remnants of the Ostrogoths (the Gepidae) remained in neighboring Transylvania until the 10th century. The Slavic colonization of Transcarpathia began in the 2nd century, with migration from the north across the mountain passes. By the 8th and 9th centuries the lowlands of Transcarpathia were fairly densely peopled by White Croatians (at the time inhabiting both the north and the south side of the Carpathians). The Slavs in the upper Tysa River and in Transylvania were subject to the Avars (6th–8th centuries) and later to the Bulgarian kingdom (9th–10th centuries). With the collapse of Bulgaria in the second half of the 10th century, Transcarpathia came under the sphere of influence of the Kievan Rus'. The Kievan chroniclers noted the participation of the White Croatians in the campaigns on Byzantium. Following the incorporation of the White Croatians by Prince Volodymyr the Great into his realm, the name Rus’ or Ruthenia became entrenched in Transcarpathia.
- Dimnik, Martin. The Dynasty of Chernigov 1146–1246. Cambridge University Press. 2003. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511496479. ISBN . İstifadə tarixi: 26 November 2022.
- Magocsi, Paul. Historical Atlas of East Central Europe. University of Washington Press. 1993. səh. 14. ISBN .
- Slovenský náučný slovník, I. zväzok, Bratislava-Český Těšín, 1932
- Nikolaus G. Kozauer, Die Karpaten-Ukraine zwischen den beiden Weltkriegen, Esslingen am Neckar 1979, p. 136
- "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1959 года. Распределение городского и сельского населения областей республик СССР по полу и национальности". www.demoscope.ru. Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. İstifadə tarixi: 11 February 2020.
- "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1970 года. Распределение городского и сельского населения областей республик СССР по полу и национальности". www.demoscope.ru. Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. İstifadə tarixi: 11 February 2020.
- "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 года. Городское и сельское население областей республик СССР (кроме РСФСР) по полу и национальности". www.demoscope.ru. Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. İstifadə tarixi: 11 February 2020.
- "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Распределение городского и сельского населения областей республик СССР по полу и национальности". www.demoscope.ru. Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. İstifadə tarixi: 11 February 2020.
- Про кількість та склад населення Закарпатської області за підсумками Всеукраїнського перепису населення 2001 року [About the number and composition of the Transcarpathian oblast according to the results of the National Census of 2001] (ukrayna). 30 April 2009 tarixində orijinalından arxivləşdirilib.
Mənbə
- Baerlein, Henri (1938). In Czechoslovakia's Hinterland, Hutchinson. ASIN B00085K1BA
- Boysak, Basil (1963). The Fate of the Holy Union in Carpatho-Ukraine, Toronto-New York.
- (rus.) Fentsik, Stefan A. (1935). Greetings from the Old Country to all of the American Russian people! (Pozdravlenije iz staroho Kraja vsemu Amerikanskomu Karpatorusskomu Narodu!). ASIN B0008C9LY6
- Nemec, Frantisek, and Vladimir Moudry (2nd ed., 1980). The Soviet Seizure of Subcarpathian Ruthenia, Hyperion Press. ISBN
- (alm.) Ganzer, Christian (2001). Die Karpato-Ukraine 1938/39: Spielball im internationalen Interessenkonflikt am Vorabend des Zweiten Weltkrieges. Hamburg (Die Ostreihe – Neue Folge, Heft 12).
- (alm.) Kotowski, Albert S. (2001). "Ukrainisches Piemont"? Die Karpartenukraine am Vorabend des Zweiten Weltkrieges, in Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 49, Heft 1. S. 67–95.
- Krofta, Kamil (1934). Carpathian Ruthenia and the Czechoslovak Republic. ASIN B0007JY0OG
- Magocsi, Paul R. "An Historiographical Guide to Subcarpathian Rus'" (PDF). Austrian History Yearbook. 9. 1973: 201–265. doi:10.1017/S006723780001910X. 2019-12-05 tarixində orijinalından (PDF) arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 2019-03-19.
- Magocsi, Paul R. "The Ruthenian Decision to Unite with Czechoslovakia" (PDF). Slavic Review. 34 (2). 1975: 360–381. doi:10.2307/2495193. JSTOR 2495193. 2019-04-28 tarixində orijinalından (PDF) arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 2019-03-19.
- Magocsi, Paul R. The Shaping of a National Identity: Subcarpathian Rus', 1848–1948. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1978. ISBN .
- Magocsi, Paul R. Galicia: A Historical Survey and Bibliographic Guide. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 1983. ISBN .
- Magocsi, Paul R. Carpatho-Rusyn Studies: An Annotated Bibliography. 1. New York: Garland. 1988. ISBN .
- Magocsi, Paul R. The Rusyn-Ukrainians Of Czechoslovakia Arxivləşdirilib 2006-10-19 at the Wayback Machine
- Magocsi, Paul R. – Pop, Ivan. Encyclopedia of Rusyn history and culture, Univ. of Toronto Press, 2005. ISBN
- (çeş.) Pop, Ivan. Dějiny Podkarpatské Rusi v datech. Libri, Praha 2005. ISBN
- (ukr.) Rosokha, Stepan (1949). Parliament of Carpatho-Ukraine (Coйм Карпатськoї України), Ukrainian National Publishing Co., Ltd. for Culture and Knowledge (Культура й ocвiтa).
- Shandor, Vincent. Carpatho-Ukraine in the Twentieth Century: A Political and Legal History. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press for the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. 1997. ISBN .
- Stercho, Peter (1959). Carpatho-Ukraine in International Affairs: 1938–1939, Notre Dame.
- Subtelny, Orest (3rd ed., 2000). Ukraine: A History, University of Toronto Press ISBN
- Wilson, Andrew (2nd ed., 2002). The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation, Yale University Press. ISBN .
- Winch, Michael (1973). Republic for a day: An eye-witness account of the Carpatho-Ukraine incident, University Microfilms. ASIN B0006W7NUW
- Nykolaj Beskyd. "Who Was Aleksander Duchnovyc?" Narodny Novynky. Prešov, Slovakia. No. 17. April 28, 1993. Translated by John E. Timo.
- Paul Robert Magocsi (1995) The Carpatho-Rusyns.
- "Nation Building or Nation Destroying? Lemkos, Poles and Ukrainians in Contemporary Poland." Polish Review. XXXV 3/4. New York 1990.
- John Slivka. The History of the Greek Rite Gatholics in Pannonia, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Podkarpatska Rus 863–1949. 1974.
- Ivan Panjkevic (1938) Українськi Говори Пiдкарпатської Руси i Сумeжних Областeй: Prague.
- Aleksej L. Petrov (1998) Medieval Carpathian Rus, New York.
Xarici keçidlər
- The Carpatho-Rusyn knowledge base
- Paul R. Magocsi, Carpatho-Rusyns, brochure published by The Carpatho-Rusyn Research Center, 1995
- Carpatho-Ukraine (Encyclopedia of Ukraine)
- Diet of Carpatho-Ukraine (Encyclopedia of Ukraine)
- Trans-Carpathia in UkrStor.com (the web library of historical documents & publicism about Malorussia/Ukraine)
- Ethnic structure of the population on the present territory of Transcarpathia (1880–1989)
- (rus.) (ukr.) Mykola Vehesh, The greatness and the tragedy of Carpathian Ukraine, , 10(485), 13–19 March 2004 in Russian and in Ukrainian[daimi ölü keçid]
- Zakarpattia.ru (ukr.)
- (mac.) Kárpátinfo
- Carpathian Ruthenia – photographs and information
- "Ruthenia – Spearhead Toward the West", by Senator Charles J. Hokky, Former Member of the Czechoslovakian Parliament
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Zakarpatye ukr Zakarpattya Merkezi Avropada yerlesen tarixi cografi bolge En qedim dovrlerden beri bu erazi slavyan xalqlarinin o cumleden serqi slavyan etnik qrupuna daxil olan rusinlerin six sekilde meskunlasdigi torpaq olmusdur Zakarpatye erazisi Zakarpatya duzenliyi Karpat daglarinin etekleri ve cenub yamaclarini ehate edir Tarixi Karpat Rusiyasi bezen Karpat Ukraynasi da adlandirilir Macaristan kralliginin Spis Saris Zemplin Uq Bereq Uqoca ve Maramaros komitatlarinin erazilerini ehate edirdi Bu bolgeye muasir Zakarpatye Ukrayna Presov Rusiyasi indiki Slovakiya erazisinde yerlesir ve Maramures vilayeti hazirda Ruminiya erazisinde yerlesir daxildir ZakarpatyeBayraq d Gerb d Xeritede yeriZakarpatye Vikianbarda elaqeli mediafayllar Zakarpatye Ukraynanin yegane vilayetidir ki dord xarici dovletle serhedde yerlesir Slovakiya Macaristan Ruminiya ve Polsa Bolgede yerlesen Ujqorod seheri hemcinin Ukraynanin en qerb seherlerinden biridir Bu bolge Avropa tarixinde muxtelif dovletlerin ve imperiyalarin terkibinde olmusdur Macaristan kralligi Habsburq monarxiyasi Cexoslovakiya Macaristan ve SSRI TarixiZakarpatye bolgesi qedim dovrlerden muxtelif etnoslarin xususile slavyan tayfalarinin yasadigi mekan olmusdur IX esrde bu erazi Boyuk Moraviya dovletinin sonradan ise Macaristan kralliginin terkibine daxil olmusdur Orta esrlerde bolge Macaristan kralliginin terkibinde olmus daha sonra ise Habsburq monarxiyasinin idaresine kecmisdir Bu dovrde bolgede muxtelif etnoslarin rusinlerin macarlarin almanlarin ve yehudilerin birge yasadigi coxmilletli bir cemiyyet formalasmisdir 1918 ci ilde Avstriya Macaristan imperiyasinin suqutundan sonra Zakarpatye bolgesi yeni yaranmis Cexoslovakiya Respublikasinin terkibine daxil edildi Bu dovrde bolgede muxtariyyet ugrunda herekatlar bas verdi 1938 ci ilde Birinci Vyana arbitraji neticesinde bolgenin bir hissesi Macaristana verildi 1939 cu ilde Macaristan erazinin qalan hissesini de isgal etdi Ikinci Dunya muharibesi dovrunde bolgenin yehudi ehalisi nasist rejimi terefinden kutlevi sekilde deportasiya edildi ve coxu Ausvitz kimi olum dusergelerinde qetle yetirildi Muharibeden sonra Zakarpatye bolgesi Sovet Sosialist Respublikalari Ittifaqinin SSRI terkibine daxil edildi ve Ukrayna SSR nin vilayeti statusu almisdir 1991 ci ilden sonra ise musteqil Ukrayna dovletinin bir hissesi olmusdur DemoqrafiyasiEtnik qruplar Census Rusinler ve Cexoslovaklar Cexler ve Macarlar Ruminlar Digerleri Umumi ehali1880 244 742 59 8 8 611 2 1 31 745 7 8 105 343 25 8 siyahiyaalinma secimi deyil 16 713 4 1 1 817 0 4 408 971 100 1921 372 884 63 0 19 737 3 3 10 460 1 8 102 144 17 3 80 059 13 5 digerleri ile 6 760 1 1 592 044 100 1930 450 925 62 2 34 511 4 8 13 804 1 9 115 805 16 0 95 008 13 1 12 777 1 8 2 527 0 4 725 357 100 1959 686 464 74 6 Slovaklar 12 289 1 3 Cexler 964 0 1 3 504 0 4 146 247 15 9 12 169 1 3 18 346 2 Ruslar 29 599 3 2 920 173 100 1970 808 131 76 5 Slovaklar 9 573 0 9 Cexler 721 0 1 4 230 0 4 151 949 14 4 10 856 1 23 454 2 2 Ruslar 35 189 3 3 1 056 799 100 1979 898 606 77 8 Slovaklar 8 245 0 7 Cexler 669 0 1 3 746 0 3 158 446 13 7 3 848 0 3 27 155 2 3 Ruslar 41 713 3 6 1 155 759 100 1989 976 749 78 4 Slovaklar 7 329 0 6 3 478 0 3 155 711 12 5 2 639 0 2 29 485 2 4 Ruslar 49 456 4 0 Qaracilar 1 0 1 245 618 100 2001 1 010 100 80 5 Rusinler 10 100 0 8 Slovaklar 5 600 0 5 3 500 0 3 151 500 12 1 melumat yoxdur 32 100 2 6 Ruslar 31 000 2 5 Ruminlar 14 000 1 1 Digerleri 0 4 100 QeydlerHemcinin Transcarpathian Ruthenia Transcarpathian Ukraine Carpathian Ruthenia Rusinsko Subcarpathian Rus Subcarpathia Elave olaraq rusin Pudkarpatska Rus slovak Podkarpatska Rus mac Karpatalja rum Transcarpatia pol Zakarpacie rus Zakarpate cex Podkarpatska Rus alm Karpatenukraine Istinadlar Subcarpathian Rus Podkarpats ka Rus 2008 07 24 tarixinde orijinalindan arxivlesdirilib Istifade tarixi 2007 06 10 Shandor 1997 seh 257 258 Markus Vasyl Carpatho Ukraine under Hungarian Occupation The Ukrainian Quarterly 10 3 1954 252ff Uzhgorod and Mukachevo a guide Dmitriĭ Ivanovich Pop Ivan Ivanovich Pop Raduga Publishers 1987 p 14 Magocsi Paul R Our people Carpatho Rusyns and their descendants in North America Bolchazy Carducci Publishers 2005 ISBN 978 0865166110 Google Books vasitesile Forward Jean S Endangered Peoples of Europe Struggles to Survive and Thrive Greenwood Publishing Group 2018 ISBN 978 0313310065 Google Books vasitesile Transcarpathian Ukraine The Great Soviet Encyclopedia third 1970 1979 The Free Dictionary vasitesile Magocsi Paul Robert The Carpatho Rusyns Carpatho Rusyn American Carpatho Rusyn Research Center XVIII 4 1995 Magocsi Paul Robert The Roots of Ukrainian Nationalism Galicia as Ukraine s Piedmont University of Toronto Press 2002 2 4 ISBN 978 0802047380 Sedov Valentin Vasilyevich Slavyane v rannem Srednevekove Sloveni u ranom srednjem veku Slavs in Early Middle Ages Novi Sad Akademska knjiga 2013 1995 168 444 451 ISBN 978 8662630261 Stanove culture Encyclopedia of Ukraine 5 University of Toronto Press 2001 1993 ISBN 978 0802030108 Vidnyanskij S V ZAKARPATSKA UKRAYiNA ZAKARPATTYa Encyclopedia of Ukrainian History ukrayna 3 Naukova Dumka NASU Institute of History of Ukraine 2005 ISBN 9660006101 Tut znajdeno chimalo predmetiv chasiv midnogo viku bronzovogo viku ta zaliznogo viku Pomirno kontinentalnij klimat i prirodni bagatstva Zakarpattya roblyat cyu miscevist privablivoyu dlya prozhivannya Tut svogo chasu osili frakijski plemena yaki zalishili pislya sebe pam yatki kushtanovickoyi kulturi ta kelti reprezentovani pam yatkami latenskoyi k ri div Latenski pam yatki Vcheni vvazhayut sho v Zakarpatti v 3 1 st do n e sklalasya zmishana kelto frakijska k ra na osnovi yakoyi utvorivsya dosit stijkij simbioz plemen sho proisnuvav bl 200 rokiv i spriyav poshirennyu civilizacijnih dosyagnen iz zh na ukr ter Piznishe na Zakarpatti z yavilisya bastarni yihnya etnichna prinalezhnist ne z yasovana V 2 st n e ch Zakarpattya bula priyednana do rim provinciyi Dakiya V chasi Velikogo pereselennya narodiv cherez Zakarpattya prohodili guni j avari Na Zakarpatti pobuvali germ plemena v t ch gepidi Z pershih stolit n e pochalosya rozselennya slov yan Za arheol danimi z 2 st n e tut micno osilo hliborobske slov yan nas bili horvati div Horvati materialna j duhovna k ra yakih bula tisno pov yazana z k royu shidnoslov yan plemen sho naselyali Prikarpattya Volin Pridnistrov ya i Pridniprov ya V 9 10 st Zakarpattya vhodilo do skladu Bolg d vi a z 2 yi pol 10 st perebuvalo u sferi vplivu Kiyivskoyi Rusi pro sho svidchit zokrema migraciya syudi nas iz Prikarpattya V Povisti vremennih lit ye zgadki pro uchast bilih horvativ u vijnah kiyiv knyaziv proti Vizantiyi ta pro pohid vel kn kiyiv Volodimira Svyatoslavicha na bilih horvativ 992 Z togo chasu za Zakarpattyam zakriplyuyetsya nazva Rus Pislya smerti vel kn kiyiv Volodimira Svyatoslavicha 1015 Zakarpattya pochav zavojovuvati ugor korol Stefan I jogo sin Emerih mav titul knyaz rusiniv Na poch 13 st vsi zemli Zakarpattya opinilisya pid vladoyu Ugorshini Do poch 20 st Zakarpattya perebuvayuchi v skladi Ugorshini Avstriyi ta Avstro Ugorshini malo nazvu Ugorska Rus Volodymyr Mezentsev Iron Age Encyclopedia of Ukraine 2 University of Toronto Press 2001 1988 ISBN 978 0802034441 In Transcarpathia descendants of the Thracian Hallstatt culture constituted the Kushtanovytsia culture in the 6th to 3rd centuries BC In the course of the 2nd and 1st centuries BC the indigenous Thracian and proto Slavic population of Transcarpathia western Podilia Bukovyna Galicia and Volhynia intermingled with the Celtic tribes of the La Taene culture that spread there from central Europe Volodymyr Kubijovyc Vasyl Markus Ivan L Rudnytsky Ihor Stebelsky Transcarpathia Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine 5 University of Toronto Press 2005 1993 ISBN 978 0802030108 In the Bronze Age ca 1800 BC Transcarpathia maintained continuity in its painted pottery style of the Stanove culture but gained metalworking skills swords knives sickles axes as a result of the arrival of Thracian tribes from Transylvania Subsequently Transcarpathia came under the control of the Celts who arrived from the west and brought with them iron smelting ca 400 200 BC the first local coins were minted in the 3rd century BC Of the eastern nomadic peoples the earliest to influence Transcarpathia were the Iranian speaking Scythians expressed locally from the 6th century BC in the Kushtanovytsia culture and then the Iazyges a Sarmatian tribe confronting the Romans in Dacia 50 AD their influence was followed by the invasions of the Turkic speaking Huns 380 AD the Avars 558 AD and finally the Ugro Finnic Magyars 896 AD In the 2nd century AD neighboring Dacia Transylvania became a Roman province and Roman merchants visited Transcarpathia In the early Middle Ages Transcarpathia was traversed by Germanic tribes Remnants of the Ostrogoths the Gepidae remained in neighboring Transylvania until the 10th century The Slavic colonization of Transcarpathia began in the 2nd century with migration from the north across the mountain passes By the 8th and 9th centuries the lowlands of Transcarpathia were fairly densely peopled by White Croatians at the time inhabiting both the north and the south side of the Carpathians The Slavs in the upper Tysa River and in Transylvania were subject to the Avars 6th 8th centuries and later to the Bulgarian kingdom 9th 10th centuries With the collapse of Bulgaria in the second half of the 10th century Transcarpathia came under the sphere of influence of the Kievan Rus The Kievan chroniclers noted the participation of the White Croatians in the campaigns on Byzantium Following the incorporation of the White Croatians by Prince Volodymyr the Great into his realm the name Rus or Ruthenia became entrenched in Transcarpathia Dimnik Martin The Dynasty of Chernigov 1146 1246 Cambridge University Press 2003 doi 10 1017 CBO9780511496479 ISBN 9780521824422 Istifade tarixi 26 November 2022 Magocsi Paul Historical Atlas of East Central Europe University of Washington Press 1993 seh 14 ISBN 978 0295972480 Slovensky naucny slovnik I zvazok Bratislava Cesky Tesin 1932 Nikolaus G Kozauer Die Karpaten Ukraine zwischen den beiden Weltkriegen Esslingen am Neckar 1979 p 136 Vsesoyuznaya perepis naseleniya 1959 goda Raspredelenie gorodskogo i selskogo naseleniya oblastej respublik SSSR po polu i nacionalnosti www demoscope ru Demoskop Weekly Prilozhenie Spravochnik statisticheskih pokazatelej Istifade tarixi 11 February 2020 Vsesoyuznaya perepis naseleniya 1970 goda Raspredelenie gorodskogo i selskogo naseleniya oblastej respublik SSSR po polu i nacionalnosti www demoscope ru Demoskop Weekly Prilozhenie Spravochnik statisticheskih pokazatelej Istifade tarixi 11 February 2020 Vsesoyuznaya perepis naseleniya 1979 goda Gorodskoe i selskoe naselenie oblastej respublik SSSR krome RSFSR po polu i nacionalnosti www demoscope ru Demoskop Weekly Prilozhenie Spravochnik statisticheskih pokazatelej Istifade tarixi 11 February 2020 Vsesoyuznaya perepis naseleniya 1989 goda Raspredelenie gorodskogo i selskogo naseleniya oblastej respublik SSSR po polu i nacionalnosti www demoscope ru Demoskop Weekly Prilozhenie Spravochnik statisticheskih pokazatelej Istifade tarixi 11 February 2020 Pro kilkist ta sklad naselennya Zakarpatskoyi oblasti za pidsumkami Vseukrayinskogo perepisu naselennya 2001 roku About the number and composition of the Transcarpathian oblast according to the results of the National Census of 2001 ukrayna 30 April 2009 tarixinde orijinalindan arxivlesdirilib MenbeBaerlein Henri 1938 In Czechoslovakia s Hinterland Hutchinson ASIN B00085K1BA Boysak Basil 1963 The Fate of the Holy Union in Carpatho Ukraine Toronto New York rus Fentsik Stefan A 1935 Greetings from the Old Country to all of the American Russian people Pozdravlenije iz staroho Kraja vsemu Amerikanskomu Karpatorusskomu Narodu ASIN B0008C9LY6 Nemec Frantisek and Vladimir Moudry 2nd ed 1980 The Soviet Seizure of Subcarpathian Ruthenia Hyperion Press ISBN 0830500855 alm Ganzer Christian 2001 Die Karpato Ukraine 1938 39 Spielball im internationalen Interessenkonflikt am Vorabend des Zweiten Weltkrieges Hamburg Die Ostreihe Neue Folge Heft 12 alm Kotowski Albert S 2001 Ukrainisches Piemont Die Karpartenukraine am Vorabend des Zweiten Weltkrieges in Jahrbucher fur Geschichte Osteuropas 49 Heft 1 S 67 95 Krofta Kamil 1934 Carpathian Ruthenia and the Czechoslovak Republic ASIN B0007JY0OG Magocsi Paul R An Historiographical Guide to Subcarpathian Rus PDF Austrian History Yearbook 9 1973 201 265 doi 10 1017 S006723780001910X 2019 12 05 tarixinde orijinalindan PDF arxivlesdirilib Istifade tarixi 2019 03 19 Magocsi Paul R The Ruthenian Decision to Unite with Czechoslovakia PDF Slavic Review 34 2 1975 360 381 doi 10 2307 2495193 JSTOR 2495193 2019 04 28 tarixinde orijinalindan PDF arxivlesdirilib Istifade tarixi 2019 03 19 Magocsi Paul R The Shaping of a National Identity Subcarpathian Rus 1848 1948 Cambridge Harvard University Press 1978 ISBN 978 0674805798 Magocsi Paul R Galicia A Historical Survey and Bibliographic Guide Toronto University of Toronto Press 1983 ISBN 978 0802024824 Magocsi Paul R Carpatho Rusyn Studies An Annotated Bibliography 1 New York Garland 1988 ISBN 978 0824012144 Magocsi Paul R The Rusyn Ukrainians Of Czechoslovakia Arxivlesdirilib 2006 10 19 at the Wayback Machine Magocsi Paul R Pop Ivan Encyclopedia of Rusyn history and culture Univ of Toronto Press 2005 ISBN 0802035663 ces Pop Ivan Dejiny Podkarpatske Rusi v datech Libri Praha 2005 ISBN 8072772376 ukr Rosokha Stepan 1949 Parliament of Carpatho Ukraine Cojm Karpatskoyi Ukrayini Ukrainian National Publishing Co Ltd for Culture and Knowledge Kultura j ocvita Shandor Vincent Carpatho Ukraine in the Twentieth Century A Political and Legal History Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press for the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute 1997 ISBN 0916458865 Stercho Peter 1959 Carpatho Ukraine in International Affairs 1938 1939 Notre Dame Subtelny Orest 3rd ed 2000 Ukraine A History University of Toronto Press ISBN 0802083900 Wilson Andrew 2nd ed 2002 The Ukrainians Unexpected Nation Yale University Press ISBN 0300093098 Winch Michael 1973 Republic for a day An eye witness account of the Carpatho Ukraine incident University Microfilms ASIN B0006W7NUW Nykolaj Beskyd Who Was Aleksander Duchnovyc Narodny Novynky Presov Slovakia No 17 April 28 1993 Translated by John E Timo Paul Robert Magocsi 1995 The Carpatho Rusyns Nation Building or Nation Destroying Lemkos Poles and Ukrainians in Contemporary Poland Polish Review XXXV 3 4 New York 1990 John Slivka The History of the Greek Rite Gatholics in Pannonia Hungary Czechoslovakia and Podkarpatska Rus 863 1949 1974 Ivan Panjkevic 1938 Ukrayinski Govori Pidkarpatskoyi Rusi i Sumezhnih Oblastej Prague Aleksej L Petrov 1998 Medieval Carpathian Rus New York Xarici kecidlerThe Carpatho Rusyn knowledge base Paul R Magocsi Carpatho Rusyns brochure published by The Carpatho Rusyn Research Center 1995 Carpatho Ukraine Encyclopedia of Ukraine Diet of Carpatho Ukraine Encyclopedia of Ukraine Trans Carpathia in UkrStor com the web library of historical documents amp publicism about Malorussia Ukraine Ethnic structure of the population on the present territory of Transcarpathia 1880 1989 rus ukr Mykola Vehesh The greatness and the tragedy of Carpathian Ukraine 10 485 13 19 March 2004 in Russian and in Ukrainian daimi olu kecid Zakarpattia ru ukr mac Karpatinfo Carpathian Ruthenia photographs and information Ruthenia Spearhead Toward the West by Senator Charles J Hokky Former Member of the Czechoslovakian Parliament