Mari və ya Təll-Həriri (ərəb. تل حريري) — indiki Suriyada qədim sami şəhəri. Şəhərin xarabalıqları Fərat çayının qərb sahilində yerləşən ndən 11 kilometr (6.8 mil), ndən 120 kilometr (75 mil) uzaqlıqdakı bir təll üzərində yerləşir. Şəhər e.ə. 2900 və e.ə. 1759-cu illərdə ticarət mərkəzi və hegemon dövlət kimi çiçəklənmişdir. Şəhərin salınmasının səbəbi Fərat çayı üzərindəki ticarət yollarının mərkəzində yerləşməsi idi. Bu, şəhəri Şumer və Levant arasına salmışdır.
Mari | |
---|---|
| |
Alternativ adı | Təll-Həriri |
Yer | Suriya |
Region | Yaxın Şərq |
Ərazi | 60 hectare (150 acre) |
Tarix | |
Əsası qoyulub | e.ə. XXX əsr |
Tərk edilib |
|
Era | tunc dövrü |
Mədəniyyətlər | samidilli |
Əlaqəli | |
Yer qeydləri | |
Qazıntı zamanı | 1933 |
Arxeoloqlar | |
Vəziyyəti | tərk edilmiş |
Məxsusluq | ictimai |
| |
Vikianbarda əlaqəli mediafayllar |
Mari ilk dəfə e.ə. XXVI əsrin ortalarında tərk edilmişdir, lakin daha sonra – e.ə. 2500-ci illərdə bərpa edilmiş, hegemon bir sami dövlətinin paytaxtına çevrilmişdir. İkinci Mari rəqibi Ebla ilə uzunmüddətli bir müharibəyə girimişdir və Şumer mədəniyyətinə olan yaxınlığı tanınır. Şəhər yenidən e.ə. XXIII əsrdə Akkad imperiyası tərəfindən məhv edilmişdir. Akkadlılar daha sonra şəhərin bərpa edilməsinə icazə vermiş, şəhərə titulunu daşıyan bir hərbi qubernator təyin etmişdir. Bu qubernatorlar növbəti dövrlərdə Akkad imperiyasının zəifləməsi ilə müstəqil olmuş və şəhəri Fərat vadisinin mərkəzində yerləşən regional bir mərkəzə çevirmişdir. Şakkanakkular Mari şəhərini e.ə. XIX əsrin ikinci yarısına qədər idarə etmişdir. Şakkanakkuların süquta uğramasından sonra şəhəri əslən olan Lim sülaləsi rəhbərlik etmişdir. Amoritlərin hakimiyyəti təxminən e.ə. 1761-ci ildə, Babilin şəhəri ələ keçirməsilə sona çatmışdır. Şəhər ellinistik dövrdə tərk edilmiş və unudulmuşdur.
Marililər həm sami, həm də ki Şumer ilahlarına sitayiş edirdilər. Buna baxmayaraq, şəhərin amoritlərdən əvvəlki dövrləri Şumer mədəniyyəti ilə olan sıx bağlantısı ilə səciyyələndirilirdi. Amoritlər əraziyə e.ə. XXI əsrdə məskunlaşmağa başlayan samidilli bir xalq idi.
Mari şəhərini 1933-cü ildə kəşf edilmişdir. Bu şəhər qədim Mesopotamiya və Suriyanın coğrafi-siyasi xəritəsini yaratmaqda çox böyük bir rol oynamışdır. Şəhərdə aşkar edilən 25.000-dən çox gil lövhədə dövlətin idarəsi və regiondakı dövlətlərin diplomatik münasibətlərinin təbiəti haqqında məlumat verilmişdir. Onlar həmçinin, Əfqanıstan, Cənub-Şərqi Asiya və Krit kimi uzaq regionları bir-birlərinə bağlayan XVIII əsrin geniş ticarət yollarını işıq üzünə çıxarmışdılar.
Etimologiya
Şəhərin adı Yuxarı Mesopotamiya və Suriyada yaşayan xalqın sitayiş etdiyi qədim qasırğa ilahı olan Merə qədər gedib çıxır. O, şəhərin qoruyucu ilahı hesab edilirdi. qeyd etmişdir ki, şəhərin adı onun adın ilə eyni yazılırdı və sırf buna görə də şəhər onun şərəfinə adlandırılmışdır.
İndiki vəziyyət
Qazıntı işləri 2011-ci ildə başlamış və bu günə kimi davam edən Suriyada vətəndaş müharibəsi səbəbilə dayandırılmışdır. Yaşayış məntəqəsi silahlı qruplaşmaların nəzarəti altına girmiş və böyükmiqyaslı yağmalara məruz qalmışdır. 2014-cü ildə yayımlanmış rəsmi hesabata görə, yağmaçıların diqqət mərkəzində kral sarayı, ictimai hamamlar, İştar və Daqanın məbədləri idi.
Mənbə
İstinadlar
- Qrin, 2003. səh. 62
- Oldenburq, 1969. səh. 60
- Saymons, 2016
- Kokbörn, 2014
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Xarici keçidlər
- Mari — Suriya Ərəb Respublikası Mədəniyyət Nazirliyinin rəsmi saytında. (ərəb.)
- Syrie – Mari — Britannika Ensiklopediyasıında. (ing.)
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Bu adin diger istifade formalari ucun bax Mari Mari ve ya Tell Heriri ereb تل حريري indiki Suriyada qedim sami seheri Seherin xarabaliqlari Ferat cayinin qerb sahilinde yerlesen nden 11 kilometr 6 8 mil nden 120 kilometr 75 mil uzaqliqdaki bir tell uzerinde yerlesir Seher e e 2900 ve e e 1759 cu illerde ticaret merkezi ve hegemon dovlet kimi ciceklenmisdir Seherin salinmasinin sebebi Ferat cayi uzerindeki ticaret yollarinin merkezinde yerlesmesi idi Bu seheri Sumer ve Levant arasina salmisdir MariMari34 32 58 sm e 40 53 24 s u Alternativ adi Tell HeririYer SuriyaRegion Yaxin SerqErazi 60 hectare 150 acre TarixEsasi qoyulub e e XXX esrTerk edilib e e XXVI esr e e XXIII esrEra tunc dovruMedeniyyetler samidilliElaqeli Ebla Sumer Akkad BabilYer qeydleriQazinti zamani 1933ArxeoloqlarVeziyyeti terk edilmisMexsusluq ictimaiMari Vikianbarda elaqeli mediafayllar Mari ilk defe e e XXVI esrin ortalarinda terk edilmisdir lakin daha sonra e e 2500 ci illerde berpa edilmis hegemon bir sami dovletinin paytaxtina cevrilmisdir Ikinci Mari reqibi Ebla ile uzunmuddetli bir muharibeye girimisdir ve Sumer medeniyyetine olan yaxinligi taninir Seher yeniden e e XXIII esrde Akkad imperiyasi terefinden mehv edilmisdir Akkadlilar daha sonra seherin berpa edilmesine icaze vermis sehere titulunu dasiyan bir herbi qubernator teyin etmisdir Bu qubernatorlar novbeti dovrlerde Akkad imperiyasinin zeiflemesi ile musteqil olmus ve seheri Ferat vadisinin merkezinde yerlesen regional bir merkeze cevirmisdir Sakkanakkular Mari seherini e e XIX esrin ikinci yarisina qeder idare etmisdir Sakkanakkularin suquta ugramasindan sonra seheri eslen olan Lim sulalesi rehberlik etmisdir Amoritlerin hakimiyyeti texminen e e 1761 ci ilde Babilin seheri ele kecirmesile sona catmisdir Seher ellinistik dovrde terk edilmis ve unudulmusdur Marililer hem sami hem de ki Sumer ilahlarina sitayis edirdiler Buna baxmayaraq seherin amoritlerden evvelki dovrleri Sumer medeniyyeti ile olan six baglantisi ile seciyyelendirilirdi Amoritler eraziye e e XXI esrde meskunlasmaga baslayan samidilli bir xalq idi Mari seherini 1933 cu ilde kesf edilmisdir Bu seher qedim Mesopotamiya ve Suriyanin cografi siyasi xeritesini yaratmaqda cox boyuk bir rol oynamisdir Seherde askar edilen 25 000 den cox gil lovhede dovletin idaresi ve regiondaki dovletlerin diplomatik munasibetlerinin tebieti haqqinda melumat verilmisdir Onlar hemcinin Efqanistan Cenub Serqi Asiya ve Krit kimi uzaq regionlari bir birlerine baglayan XVIII esrin genis ticaret yollarini isiq uzune cixarmisdilar EtimologiyaSeherin adi Yuxari Mesopotamiya ve Suriyada yasayan xalqin sitayis etdiyi qedim qasirga ilahi olan Mere qeder gedib cixir O seherin qoruyucu ilahi hesab edilirdi qeyd etmisdir ki seherin adi onun adin ile eyni yazilirdi ve sirf buna gore de seher onun serefine adlandirilmisdir Indiki veziyyetQazinti isleri 2011 ci ilde baslamis ve bu gune kimi davam eden Suriyada vetendas muharibesi sebebile dayandirilmisdir Yasayis menteqesi silahli qruplasmalarin nezareti altina girmis ve boyukmiqyasli yagmalara meruz qalmisdir 2014 cu ilde yayimlanmis resmi hesabata gore yagmacilarin diqqet merkezinde kral sarayi ictimai hamamlar Istar ve Daqanin mebedleri idi MenbeIstinadlar Qrin 2003 seh 62 Oldenburq 1969 seh 60 Saymons 2016 Kokborn 2014 Edebiyyat Akkermans Peter M M G Schwartz Glenn M The Archaeology of Syria From Complex Hunter Gatherers to Early Urban Societies c 16 000 300 BC Cambridge University Press 2003 ISBN 978 0 521 79666 8 Archi Alfonso Biga Maria Giovanna A Victory over Mari and the Fall of Ebla Journal of Cuneiform Studies The American Schools of Oriental Research 55 2003 ISSN 2325 6737 Armstrong James A Sumer and Akkad Fagan Brian M redaktor The Oxford Companion to Archaeology Oxford University Press 1996 ISBN 978 0 19 507618 9 Aruz Joan Wallenfels Ronald redaktorlar Art of the First Cities The Third Millennium B C from the Mediterranean to the Indus Metropolitan Museum of Art 2003 ISBN 978 1 58839 043 1 Astour Michael C A Reconstruction of the History of Ebla Part 2 Gordon Cyrus Herzl Rendsburg Gary redaktorlar Eblaitica Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language 4 Eisenbrauns 2002 ISBN 978 1 57506 060 6 Aubet Maria Eugenia Commerce and Colonization in the Ancient Near East Turton Mary terefinden tercume olunub Cambridge University Press 2013 ISBN 978 0 521 51417 0 Bertman Stephen Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia Oxford University Press 2005 2003 ISBN 978 0 19 518364 1 Black Jeremy Cunningham Graham Robson Eleanor Zolyomi Gabor The Literature of Ancient Sumer Oxford University Press 2004 ISBN 978 0 19 926311 0 Bonatz Dominik Kuhne Hartmut Mahmoud Asʻad Rivers and Steppes Cultural Heritage and Environment of the Syrian Jezireh Catalogue to the Museum of Deir ez Zor Damascus Ministry of Culture Directorate General of Antiquities and Museums 1998 OCLC 41317024 Bretschneider Joachim Van Vyve Anne Sophie Leuven Greta Jans War of the lords The Battle of Chronology Trying to Recognize Historical Iconography in the 3rd Millennium Glyptic Art in seals of Ishqi Mari and from Beydar Ugarit Forschungen Ugarit Verlag 41 2009 ISBN 978 3 86835 042 5 Bryce Trevor The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia Routledge 2009 ISBN 978 1 134 15908 6 Bryce Trevor Ancient Syria A Three Thousand Year History Oxford University Press 2014 ISBN 978 0 19 100292 2 Burns Ross Monuments of Syria A Guide revised I B Tauris 2009 1992 ISBN 978 0 85771 489 3 Charpin Dominique Patron and Client Zimri Lim and Asqudum the Diviner Radner Karen Robson Eleanor redaktorlar The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture Oxford University Press 2011 ISBN 978 0 19 955730 1 Charpin Dominique Hammurabi of Babylon I B Tauris 2012 2003 ISBN 978 1 84885 752 0 Chavalas Mark The Age of Empires 3100 900 BCE Snell Daniel C redaktor A Companion to the Ancient Near East Blackwell Publishing 2005 ISBN 978 1 4051 3739 3 Chew Sing C The Recurring Dark Ages Ecological Stress Climate Changes and System Transformation Trilogy on world ecological degradation 2 Altamira Press 2007 ISBN 978 0 7591 0452 5 Cockburn Patrick The Destruction of the Idols Syria s Patrimony at Risk From Extremists The Independent February 11 2014 Istifade tarixi January 6 2017 Cohen Mark E The Cultic Calendars of the Ancient Near East CDL Press The University Press of Maryland 1993 ISBN 978 1 883053 00 0 Cohen Yoram George Andrew R redaktor Wisdom from the Late Bronze Age Writings from the Ancient World 34 Society of Biblical Literature Atlanta 2013 ISBN 978 1 58983 754 6 Cooper Jerrold S Presargonic Inscriptions Sumerian and Akkadian Royal Inscriptions 1 American Oriental Society 1986 ISBN 978 0 940490 82 6 Cooper Jerrold S Sumerian and Semitic Writing in Most Ancient Syro Mesopotamia van Lerberghe Karel Voet Gabriela redaktorlar Languages and Cultures in Contact At the Crossroads of Civilizations in the Syro Mesopotamian realm Proceedings of the 42th RAI Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 92 Peeters Publishers amp Department of Oriental Studies Leuven 1999 ISBN 978 90 429 0719 5 Crawford Harriet redaktorThe Sumerian World Routledge 2013 ISBN 978 1 136 21912 2 Dalley Stephanie Mari and Karana Two Old Babylonian Cities 2 Gorgias Press 2002 1984 ISBN 978 1 931956 02 4 Daniels Brian I Hanson Katryn Archaeological Site Looting in Syria and Iraq A Review of the Evidence Desmarais France redaktor Countering Illicit Traffic in Cultural Goods The Global Challenge of Protecting the World s Heritage The International Council of Museums 2015 ISBN 978 92 9012 415 3 Darke Diana Syria 2 Bradt Travel Guides 2010 2006 ISBN 978 1 84162 314 6 DeVries LaMoine F Cities of the Biblical World An Introduction to the Archaeology Geography and History of Biblical Sites Wipf and Stock Publishers 2006 ISBN 978 1 55635 120 4 Dolce Rita Ebla before the Achievement of Palace G Culture An Evaluation of the Early Syrian Archaic Period Kuhne Hartmut Czichon Rainer Maria Kreppner Florian Janoscha redaktorlar Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East 29 March 3 April 2004 Freie Universitat Berlin 2 Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2008 ISBN 978 3 447 05757 8 Dougherty Beth K Ghareeb Edmund A Woronoff Jon redaktor Historical Dictionary of Iraq Historical Dictionaries of Asia Oceania and the Middle East 2 Scarecrow Press 2013 ISBN 978 0 8108 7942 3 Evans Jean M The Lives of Sumerian Sculpture An Archaeology of the Early Dynastic Temple Cambridge University Press 2012 ISBN 978 1 139 78942 4 Feliu Lluis The God Dagan in Bronze Age Syria Watson Wilfred GE terefinden tercume olunub Brill 2003 ISBN 978 90 04 13158 3 Finer Samuel Edward Ancient monarchies and empires The History of Government from the Earliest Times 1 Oxford University Press 1997 ISBN 978 0 19 820664 4 Fleming Daniel E Prophets and Temple Personnel in the Mari Archives Grabbe Lester L Bellis Alice Ogden redaktorlar The Priests in the Prophets The Portrayal of Priests Prophets and Other Religious Specialists in the Latter Prophets T amp T Clark International 2004 ISBN 978 0 567 40187 8 Fleming Daniel E The Legacy of Israel in Judah s Bible History Politics and the Reinscribing of Tradition Cambridge University Press 2012 ISBN 978 1 139 53687 5 Fowden Garth Before and After Muhammad The First Millennium Refocused Princeton University Press 2014 ISBN 978 1 4008 4816 4 Frayne Douglas Old Babylonian Period 2003 1595 BC The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia Early Periods 4 University of Toronto Press 1990 ISBN 978 0 8020 5873 7 Frayne Douglas In Abraham s Footsteps Daviau Paulette Maria Michele Wevers John W Weigl Michael redaktorlar The World of the Aramaeans 1 Biblical Studies in Honour of Paul Eugene Dion Sheffield Academic Press 2001 ISBN 978 0 567 20049 5 Frayne Douglas Pre Sargonic Period Early Periods 2700 2350 BC The Royal inscriptions of Mesopotamia Early Periods 1 University of Toronto Press 2008 ISBN 978 1 4426 9047 9 Gadd Cyril John The Cities of Babylonia Edwards Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen Gadd Cyril John Hammond Nicholas Geoffrey Lempriere redaktorlar Part 2 Early History of the Middle East The Cambridge Ancient History Second Revised Series 1 3 Cambridge University Press 1971 ISBN 978 0 521 07791 0 Gates Charles Ancient Cities The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt Greece and Rome Routledge 2003 ISBN 978 1 134 67662 0 Grabbe Lester L Introduction and Overview Grabbe Lester L Bellis Alice Ogden redaktorlar The Priests in the Prophets The Portrayal of Priests Prophets and Other Religious Specialists in the Latter Prophets T amp T Clark International 2004 ISBN 978 0 567 40187 8 Grayson Albert Kirk Assyrian Royal Inscriptions Records of the Ancient Near East 1 From the Beginning to Ashur Resha Ishi I Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 1972 ISBN 978 3 447 01382 6 ISSN 0340 8450 Green Alberto Ravinell Whitney The Storm god in the Ancient Near East Biblical and Judaic studies from the University of California San Diego 8 Eisenbrauns 2003 ISBN 978 1 57506 069 9 Haldar Alfred Who Were the Amorites Monographs on the ancient Near East 1 Brill 1971 OCLC 2656977 Hamblin William J Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC Routledge 2006 ISBN 978 1 134 52062 6 Harris Rivkah Gender and Aging in Mesopotamia The Gilgamesh Epic and Other Ancient Literature University of Oklahoma Press 2003 2000 ISBN 978 0 8061 3539 7 Hasselbach Rebecca Sargonic Akkadian A Historical and Comparative Study of the Syllabic Texts Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2005 ISBN 978 3 447 05172 9 Heimpel Wolfgang Letters to the King of Mari A New Translation with Historical Introduction Notes and Commentary Mesopotamian civilizations 12 Eisenbrauns 2003 ISBN 978 1 57506 080 4 ISSN 1059 7867 Heintz Jean Georges Bodi Daniel Millot Lison Bibliographie de Mari Archeologie et Textes 1933 1988 Travaux du Groupe de Recherches et d Etudes Semitiques Anciennes G R E S A Universite des Sciences Humaines de Strasbourg fransiz 3 Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 1990 ISBN 978 3 447 03009 0 Kramer Samuel Noah The Sumerians Their History Culture and Character University of Chicago Press 2010 1963 ISBN 978 0 226 45232 6 Kupper Jean Robert Northern Mesopotamia and Syria Edwards Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen Gadd Cyril John Hammond Nicholas Geoffrey Lempriere Sollberger Edmond redaktorlar Part 1 The Middle East and the Aegean Region c 1800 1380 BC The Cambridge Ancient History Second Revised Series 2 3 Cambridge University Press 1973 ISBN 978 1 139 05426 3 Larsen Mogens Trolle The Middle Bronze Age Aruz Joan Benzel Kim Evans Jean M redaktorlar Beyond Babylon Art Trade and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B C Metropolitan Museum of Art 2008 ISBN 978 1 58839 295 4 Launderville Dale Piety and Politics The Dynamics of Royal Authority in Homeric Greece Biblical Israel and Old Babylonian Mesopotamia William B Eerdmans Publishing 2003 ISBN 978 0 8028 3994 7 Leick Gwendolyn Who s Who in the Ancient Near East Routledge 2002 ISBN 978 1 134 78796 8 Liverani Mario The Ancient Near East History Society and Economy Routledge 2013 ISBN 978 1 134 75084 9 Maisels Charles Keith The Emergence of Civilisation From Hunting and Gathering to Agriculture Cities and the State of the Near East Routledge 2005 1990 ISBN 978 1 134 86328 0 Malamat Abraham A Mari Prophecy and Nathan s Dynastic Oracle Emerton John Adney redaktor Prophecy Essays presented to Georg Fohrer on his Sixty Fifth Birthday Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fur die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 150 Walter de Gruyter 1980 ISBN 978 3 11 083741 4 Malamat Abraham Mari and the Bible Studies in the History and Culture of the Ancient Near East 12 Brill 1998 ISBN 978 90 04 10863 9 ISSN 0169 9024 Margueron Jean Claude The 1979 1982 Excavations at Mari New Perspectives and Results Young Gordon Douglas redaktor Mari in Retrospect Fifty Years of Mari and Mari Studies Eisenbrauns 1992 ISBN 978 0 931464 28 7 Margueron Jean Claude Mari and the Syro Mesopotamian World Aruz Joan Wallenfels Ronald redaktorlar Art of the First Cities The Third Millennium B C from the Mediterranean to the Indus Metropolitan Museum of Art 2003 ISBN 978 1 58839 043 1 Margueron Jean Claude The Kingdom of Mari Crawford Harriet redaktor The Sumerian World Crawford Harriet terefinden tercume olunub Routledge 2013 ISBN 978 1 136 21912 2 Matthews Victor Harold Benjamin Don C Old Testament Parallels Laws and Stories from the Ancient Near East 3 Paulist Press 2006 1994 ISBN 978 0 8091 4435 8 Matthiae Paolo Ebla and the Early Urbanization of Syria Aruz Joan Wallenfels Ronald redaktorlar Art of the First Cities The Third Millennium B C from the Mediterranean to the Indus Metropolitan Museum of Art 2003 ISBN 978 1 58839 043 1 McLerran Dan Popular Archaeology Magazine September 13 2011 November 5 2016 tarixinde orijinalindan arxivlesdirilib Istifade tarixi January 6 2017 McMahon Augusta North Mesopotamia in the Third Millennium BC Crawford Harriet redaktor The Sumerian World Routledge 2013 ISBN 978 1 136 21912 2 Michalowski Piotr Memory and Deed The Historiography of the Political Expansion of the Akkad State Liverani Mario redaktor Akkad the First World Empire Structure Ideology Traditions History of the Ancient Near East Studies 5 Padua S a r g o n Editrice Libreria 1993 OCLC 32011634 Michalowski Piotr Van Lerberghe Karel Schoors Antoon redaktorlar Immigration and Emigration Within the Ancient Near East Festschrift E Lipinski Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 65 Peeters Publishers amp Department of Oriental Studies Leuven 1995 ISBN 978 90 6831 727 5 ISSN 0777 978X Michalowski Piotr Amorites Freedman David Noel Myers Allen C redaktorlar Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible Eerdmans Publishing 2000 ISBN 978 90 5356 503 2 Michalowski Piotr The Earliest Scholastic Tradition Aruz Joan Wallenfels Ronald redaktorlar Art of the First Cities The Third Millennium B C from the Mediterranean to the Indus Metropolitan Museum of Art 2003 ISBN 978 1 58839 043 1 Nadali Davide Monuments of War War of Monuments Some Considerations on Commemorating War in the Third Millennium BC Orientalia Pontificium Institutum Biblicum 76 4 2007 OCLC 557711946 Nemet Nejat Karen Rhea Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia Daily Life Through History Greenwood Press 1998 ISBN 978 0 313 29497 6 ISSN 1080 4749 Nissinen Martti Seow Choon Leong Ritner Robert Kriech Machinist Peter redaktor Prophets and Prophecy in the Ancient Near East Writings from the Ancient World 12 Society of Biblical Literature Atlanta 2003 ISBN 978 1 58983 027 1 Ochterbeek Cynthia Dan Berney Kathryn Ann Ring Trudy Watson Noelle Hudson Christopher La Boda Sharon redaktorlar Middle East and Africa 4 International Dictionary of Historic Places Routledge 1996 ISBN 978 1 134 25993 9 Oldenburg Ulf The Conflict between El and Ba al in Canaanite Religion Dissertationes ad Historiam Religionum Pertinentes 3 Brill 1969 ISSN 0419 4233 OCLC 63449 Oliva Juan Textos Para Una Historia Politica de Siria Palestina I ispan 2008 ISBN 978 84 460 1949 7 Otto Adelheid Biga Maria Giovanna Thoughts About the Identification of Tall Bazi with Armi of the Ebla Texts Matthiae Paolo Pinnock Frances Nigro Lorenzo Marchetti Nicolo Romano Licia redaktorlar Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East Near Eastern archaeology in the past present and future heritage and identity ethnoarchaeological and interdisciplinary approach results and perspectives visual expression and craft production in the definition of social relations and status 1 Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2010 ISBN 978 3 447 06175 9 Pardee Dennis Glass Jonathan T Literary Sources for the History of Palestine and Syria The Mari Archives The Biblical Archaeologist The American Schools of Oriental Research 47 2 1984 ISSN 2325 534X Pettinato Giovanni The archives of Ebla an empire inscribed in clay Doubleday 1981 ISBN 978 0 385 13152 0 Pitard Wayne T Before Israel Syria Palestine in the Bronze Age Coogan Michael David redaktor The Oxford History of the Biblical World revised Oxford University Press 2001 1998 ISBN 978 0 19 513937 2 Podany Amanda H Brotherhood of Kings How International Relations Shaped the Ancient Near East Oxford University Press 2010 ISBN 978 0 19 979875 9 Porter Anne Mobile Pastoralism and the Formation of Near Eastern Civilizations Weaving Together Society Cambridge University Press 2012 ISBN 978 0 521 76443 8 Riehl Simone Pustovoytov Konstantin Dornauer Aron Sallaberger Walther Mid to Late Holocene Agricultural System Transformations in the Northern Fertile Crescent A Review of the Archaeobotanical Geoarchaeological and Philological Evidence Giosan Liviu Fuller Dorian Q Nicoll Kathleen Flad Rowan K Clift Peter D redaktorlar Climates Landscapes and Civilizations Geophysical Monograph Series 198 American Geophysical Union 2013 ISBN 978 0 87590 488 7 ISSN 0065 8448 Roux Georges Ancient Iraq 3 Penguin Putnam 1992 1964 ISBN 978 0 14 012523 8 Shaw Ian Mari Shaw Ian Jameson Robert redaktorlar A Dictionary of Archaeology John Wiley amp Sons 1999 ISBN 978 0 470 75196 1 Sicker Martin The Pre Islamic Middle East Praeger 2000 ISBN 978 0 275 96890 8 Simons Marlise Damaged by War Syria s Cultural Sites Rise Anew in France The New York Times December 31 2016 Istifade tarixi January 6 2017 Smith Mark S The God Athtar in the Ancient Near East and His Place in KTU 1 6 I Zevit Ziony Gitin Seymour Sokoloff Michael redaktorlar Solving Riddles and Untying Knots Biblical Epigraphic and Semitic Studies in Honor of Jonas C Greenfield Eisenbrauns 1995 ISBN 978 0 931464 93 5 Stieglitz Robert R The Deified Kings of Ebla Gordon Cyrus Herzl Rendsburg Gary redaktorlar Eblaitica Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language 4 Eisenbrauns 2002 ISBN 978 1 57506 060 6 Strommenger Eva 5000 Years of the Art of Mesopotamia Haglund Christina terefinden tercume olunub Harry N Abrams 1964 1962 OCLC 505796 Suriano Matthew J The Politics of Dead Kings Dynastic Ancestors in the Book of Kings and Ancient Israel Forschungen zum Alten Testament 48 Mohr Siebeck 2010 ISBN 978 3 16 150473 0 ISSN 1611 4914 Teissier Beatrice Egyptian Iconography on Syro Palestinian Cylinder Seals of the Middle Bronze Age Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis Series Archaeologica 11 University Press Fribourg Switzerland 1996 1995 ISBN 978 3 525 53892 0 ISSN 1422 4399 Tetlow Elisabeth Meier Women Crime and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society 1 The Ancient Near East Continuum 2004 ISBN 978 0 8264 1628 5 Thompson Thomas L A Testimony of the Good King Reading the Mesha Stela Grabbe Lester L redaktor Ahab Agonistes The Rise and Fall of the Omri Dynasty T amp T Clark International 2007 ISBN 978 0 567 04540 9 Van De Mieroop Marc Foreign Contacts and the Rise of an Elite in Early Dynastic Babylonia Ehrenberg Erica redaktor Leaving No Stones Unturned Essays on the Ancient Near East and Egypt in Honor of Donald P Hansen Eisenbrauns 2002 ISBN 978 1 57506 055 2 Van De Mieroop Marc King Hammurabi of Babylon A Biography Blackwell Ancient Lives 19 Blackwell Publishing 2007 2005 ISBN 978 0 470 69534 0 Van De Mieroop Marc A History of the Ancient Near East ca 3000 323 BC Blackwell History of the Ancient World 6 2 Wiley Blackwell 2011 2003 ISBN 978 1 4443 2709 0 Van Der Meer Petrus The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt Documenta et Monumenta Orientis Antiqui 2 2 Brill 1955 1947 OCLC 4727997 Van Der Toorn Karel Family Religion in Babylonia Ugarit and Israel Continuity and Changes in the Forms of Religious Life Studies in the History of the Ancient Near East 7 Brill 1996 ISBN 978 90 04 10410 5 ISSN 0169 9024 Viollet Pierre Louis Water Engineering in Ancient Civilizations 5 000 Years of History IAHR Monographs 7 Holly Forrest M terefinden tercume olunub CRC Press 2007 2005 ISBN 978 90 78046 05 9 Walton John H Ancient Israelite Literature in Its Cultural Context A Survey of Parallels Between Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Texts Zondervan Publishing House 1990 1989 ISBN 978 0 310 36591 4 Wossink Arne Challenging Climate Change Competition and Cooperation Among Pastoralists and Agriculturalists in Northern Mesopotamia c 3000 1600 BC Sidestone Press 2009 ISBN 978 90 8890 031 0 Xarici kecidlerVikianbarda Mari ile elaqeli mediafayllar var Mari Suriya Ereb Respublikasi Medeniyyet Nazirliyinin resmi saytinda ereb Syrie Mari Britannika Ensiklopediyasiinda ing