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"Pax Americana" (Paks Amerikana; hərf. Amerika sülhü) — 1945-ci ildə İkinci Dünya müharibəsi başa çatdıqdan sonra, ABŞ dünyanın dominant iqtisadi, mədəni və hərbi gücünə çevrildiyi zaman Qərb yarımkürəsində və daha sonra dünyada nisbi sülh anlayışına tətbiq edilən termin. "Pax Romana" və "Pax Britannica" terminlərindən modelləşdirilmişdir.
Bu mənada "Pax Americana" ABŞ-nin digər dövlətlərə nisbətən hərbi və iqtisadi mövqeyini təsvir etmişdir. ABŞ-nin Qərbi Avropa ölkələrinə iqtisadi bərpa proqramlarında 13,3 milyard dollar (2023-cü ildə 173 milyard dollara bərabərdir) köçürdüyü ABŞ Marşal planı "Pax Americana"nın işə salınması" kimi təsvir edilmişdir.
Həmçinin bax
İstinadlar
- Nye, Joseph S. "The Changing Nature of World Power". Political Science Quarterly. 105 (2). 1990: 177–192. doi:10.2307/2151022. JSTOR 2151022.
- Kirchwey, George W. "Pax Americana". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 72. 1917: 40–48. doi:10.1177/000271621707200109.
- Abbott, Lyman, Hamilton Wright Mabie, Ernest Hamlin Abbott, and Francis Rufus Bellamy. The Outlook. New York: Outlook Co, 1898. "Expansion not Imperialism" p. 465. (cf. [...] Felix Adler [states ...] "if, instead of establishing the Pax Americana so far as our influence avails throughout this continent, we should enter into' the field of Old World strife, and seek the sort of glory that is written in human blood." Here it is assumed that we have failed in establishing self-government, and propose to substitute, at least in other lands, an Old World form of government. This sort of argument has no effect on the expansionist, because he believes that we have magnificently succeeded in our problem, in spite of failures, neglects, and violations of our own principles, and because what he wishes to do is, not to abandon the experiment, but, inspired by the successes of the past, extend the Pax Americana over lands not included in this continent.")
- "Definition of PAX AMERICANA". merriam-webster.com. February 24, 2022 tarixində . İstifadə tarixi: August 1, 2018.
- Mee, Charles L. The Marshall Plan: The Launching of the Pax Americana (ingilis). Simon and Schuster. 1984. ISBN .
Əlavə ədəbiyyat
- Ankerl, Guy. Global communication without universal civilization // Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese and Western. INU Societal Research. 1. Geneva: INU Press. 2000. 256–332. ISBN .
- Brown, Michael E. America's Strategic Choices. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 2000. ISBN .
- Burton, Paul J. "Pax Romana/Pax Americana: Views of the "New Rome" from "Old Europe", 2000–2010". International Journal of the Classical Tradition. 20 (1–2). 2013: 15–40. doi:10.1007/s12138-013-0320-0.
- Clarke, Peter. The last thousand days of the British empire: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the birth of the Pax Americana (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2010)
- Gottlieb, Gidon. Nation against State: A New Approach to Ethnic Conflicts and the Decline of Sovereignty. New York: Press. 1993. ISBN .
- Hull, William I. The Monroe Doctrine: National or International. New York: G.P. Putnam. 1915.
- Kahrstedt, Ulrich. Pax Americana; ein historische Betrachtung am Wendepunkte der europäischen Geschichte [Pax Americana, a historical look at the turning points in European history] (alman). Munich: Drei Masken Verlag. 1920.
- Kiernan, V. G. America, the New Imperialism: From White Settlement to World Hegemony. London: Verso. 2005. ISBN .
- Kupchan, Charles. The End of the American Era: U.S. Foreign Policy and the Geopolitics of the 21st-century. New York: A. Knopf. 2002.[ölü keçid]
- Layne, Christopher. "This Time It's Real: The End of Unipolarity and the Pax Americana". International Studies Quarterly. 56 (1). 2012: 203–213. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2011.00704.x. JSTOR 41409832.
- LaFeber, Walter. The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860–1898. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 1998. ISBN .
- , "The Forgotten Crime of War Itself" (review of , Humane: How the United States Abandoned Peace and Reinvented War, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2021, 400 pp.), , vol. LXIX, no. 7 (April 21, 2022), pp. 40–42. "After September 11 [2001] no politician asked whether the proper response to a should be a US war or an international police action. [...] Debating or other abuses, while indisputably valuable, has diverted Americans from 'deliberating on the deeper choice they were making to ignore constraints on starting war in the first place.' [W]ar itself causes far more suffering than violations of its rules." (p. 40.)
- Louis, William Roger. The Pax Americana: Sir Keith Hancock, The British Empire, and American Expansion // Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonization: Collected Essays. London: I.B. Tauris. 2006. 999+. ISBN .
- Mee, Charles L. The Marshall Plan: The launching of the pax americana (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984)
- Narlikar, Amrita; Kumar, Rajiv. "From Pax Americana to Pax Mosaica? Bargaining over a New Economic Order". The Political Quarterly. 83 (2). 2012: 384–394. doi:10.1111/j.1467-923X.2012.02294.x.
- Nye, Joseph S. Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power. New York: Basic Books. 1990. ISBN .
- Snow, Francis Haffkine. "American as a World Tyrant: A German Historian's Attempt to Prove That Europe is Becoming a Serf of the United States". Current History. 13. 1921.
Xarici keçidlər
- The end of the Pax Americana? by Michael Lind
- Why America Thinks it Has to Run the World by Benjamin Schwarz
- It’s Over, Over There: The Coming Crack-up in Transatlantic Relations by Christopher Layne
- War in the Contest for a New World Order by Peter Gowan
- So it must be for ever by Thomas Meaney
- Instrumental Internationalism: The American Origins of the United Nations, 1940–3 by Stephen Wertheim
- What are we there for? by Tom Stevenson
- Peter Gowan interview on U.S. foreign policy since 1945, Interview with Against the Grain
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Pax Americana Paks Amerikana herf Amerika sulhu 1945 ci ilde Ikinci Dunya muharibesi basa catdiqdan sonra ABS dunyanin dominant iqtisadi medeni ve herbi gucune cevrildiyi zaman Qerb yarimkuresinde ve daha sonra dunyada nisbi sulh anlayisina tetbiq edilen termin Pax Romana ve Pax Britannica terminlerinden modellesdirilmisdir Bu menada Pax Americana ABS nin diger dovletlere nisbeten herbi ve iqtisadi movqeyini tesvir etmisdir ABS nin Qerbi Avropa olkelerine iqtisadi berpa proqramlarinda 13 3 milyard dollar 2023 cu ilde 173 milyard dollara beraberdir kocurduyu ABS Marsal plani Pax Americana nin ise salinmasi kimi tesvir edilmisdir Hemcinin baxTruman doktrinasi Reyqan doktrinasi Bretton Vuds sistemi Terrorizmle muharibeIstinadlarNye Joseph S The Changing Nature of World Power Political Science Quarterly 105 2 1990 177 192 doi 10 2307 2151022 JSTOR 2151022 Kirchwey George W Pax Americana The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 72 1917 40 48 doi 10 1177 000271621707200109 Abbott Lyman Hamilton Wright Mabie Ernest Hamlin Abbott and Francis Rufus Bellamy The Outlook New York Outlook Co 1898 Expansion not Imperialism p 465 cf Felix Adler states if instead of establishing the Pax Americana so far as our influence avails throughout this continent we should enter into the field of Old World strife and seek the sort of glory that is written in human blood Here it is assumed that we have failed in establishing self government and propose to substitute at least in other lands an Old World form of government This sort of argument has no effect on the expansionist because he believes that we have magnificently succeeded in our problem in spite of failures neglects and violations of our own principles and because what he wishes to do is not to abandon the experiment but inspired by the successes of the past extend the Pax Americana over lands not included in this continent Definition of PAX AMERICANA merriam webster com February 24 2022 tarixinde Istifade tarixi August 1 2018 Mee Charles L The Marshall Plan The Launching of the Pax Americana ingilis Simon and Schuster 1984 ISBN 978 0 671 42149 6 Elave edebiyyatAnkerl Guy Global communication without universal civilization Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations Arabo Muslim Bharati Chinese and Western INU Societal Research 1 Geneva INU Press 2000 256 332 ISBN 978 2 88155 004 1 Brown Michael E America s Strategic Choices Cambridge MA MIT Press 2000 ISBN 9780262265249 Burton Paul J Pax Romana Pax Americana Views of the New Rome from Old Europe 2000 2010 International Journal of the Classical Tradition 20 1 2 2013 15 40 doi 10 1007 s12138 013 0320 0 Clarke Peter The last thousand days of the British empire Churchill Roosevelt and the birth of the Pax Americana Bloomsbury Publishing 2010 Gottlieb Gidon Nation against State A New Approach to Ethnic Conflicts and the Decline of Sovereignty New York Press 1993 ISBN 9780876091562 Hull William I The Monroe Doctrine National or International New York G P Putnam 1915 Kahrstedt Ulrich Pax Americana ein historische Betrachtung am Wendepunkte der europaischen Geschichte Pax Americana a historical look at the turning points in European history alman Munich Drei Masken Verlag 1920 Kiernan V G America the New Imperialism From White Settlement to World Hegemony London Verso 2005 ISBN 9781844675227 Kupchan Charles The End of the American Era U S Foreign Policy and the Geopolitics of the 21st century New York A Knopf 2002 olu kecid Layne Christopher This Time It s Real The End of Unipolarity and the Pax Americana International Studies Quarterly 56 1 2012 203 213 doi 10 1111 j 1468 2478 2011 00704 x JSTOR 41409832 LaFeber Walter The New Empire An Interpretation of American Expansion 1860 1898 Ithaca NY Cornell University Press 1998 ISBN 978 0801485954 The Forgotten Crime of War Itself review of Humane How the United States Abandoned Peace and Reinvented War Farrar Straus and Giroux 2021 400 pp vol LXIX no 7 April 21 2022 pp 40 42 After September 11 2001 no politician asked whether the proper response to a should be a US war or an international police action Debating or other abuses while indisputably valuable has diverted Americans from deliberating on the deeper choice they were making to ignore constraints on starting war in the first place W ar itself causes far more suffering than violations of its rules p 40 Louis William Roger The Pax Americana Sir Keith Hancock The British Empire and American Expansion Ends of British Imperialism The Scramble for Empire Suez and Decolonization Collected Essays London I B Tauris 2006 999 ISBN 9781845113476 Mee Charles L The Marshall Plan The launching of the pax americana New York Simon and Schuster 1984 Narlikar Amrita Kumar Rajiv From Pax Americana to Pax Mosaica Bargaining over a New Economic Order The Political Quarterly 83 2 2012 384 394 doi 10 1111 j 1467 923X 2012 02294 x Nye Joseph S Bound to Lead The Changing Nature of American Power New York Basic Books 1990 ISBN 9780465007448 Snow Francis Haffkine American as a World Tyrant A German Historian s Attempt to Prove That Europe is Becoming a Serf of the United States Current History 13 1921 Xarici kecidlerThe end of the Pax Americana by Michael Lind Why America Thinks it Has to Run the World by Benjamin Schwarz It s Over Over There The Coming Crack up in Transatlantic Relations by Christopher Layne War in the Contest for a New World Order by Peter Gowan So it must be for ever by Thomas Meaney Instrumental Internationalism The American Origins of the United Nations 1940 3 by Stephen Wertheim What are we there for by Tom Stevenson Peter Gowan interview on U S foreign policy since 1945 Interview with Against the Grain